1942: Utah

Area and Population.

With an area of 84,990 sq. mi., Utah ranks as the 10th state in size. The surface water area comprises 2,806 sq. mi. The population of 550,310, does not include an approximate 106,000 new residents brought here by defense industries during the past two years. The 1940 census gave Salt Lake City, the capital of the state and also the largest city, a population of 149,939; however, there has since been an estimated increase of 25,000 residents. Other important cities are Ogden, 43,688; Provo, 18,771; Logan, 11,868; Brigham, 5,648; Murray, 5,740. In all of these, except Logan, there has been a like increase in population because of defense projects.

Education.

In 1942 the school census showed an increase in numbers, as well as a shift to cities from smaller towns. It showed a school population (ages six to seventeen) of 148,632. Elementary schools number 376, including 101 one- or two-room schools. There are 81 junior high schools and 75 senior high schools. The number of pupils enrolled in the elementary schools was 80,327, in the junior high schools 24,639, and in the senior high schools 33,666. The state expended for the public-school system $12,292,390. Over 60 per cent of this amount went for instruction, salaries, and textbooks, or educational supplies. The average yearly salary of men in the elementary grades was $1,203, for women $1,270; in the junior high schools the men averaged $1,484, the women, $1,523; in the senior high schools the men averaged $1,671, the women, $1,518. During 1942 $96,872 was spent for vocational education. This money represented Federal, state and local funds.

Agriculture.

Agriculture in Utah has been given an upward lift due to the war and the increase in population. Sugar-beet production increased 25 per cent over 1941. In production of wool and lambs Utah ranks 5th among the states. The average annual value of the lambs is $11,000,000 and the wool clip of some 20,000,000 lb. is valued at $8,000,000. Cattle for both beef and dairy purposes, and hogs, are produced in large number, and the poultry industry is of growing importance.

Mining.

The mining industry has increased production during the last year. At Monticello the Vanadium Company of America has a $1,000,000 plant under construction which will treat vanadium ores found in this region. The Utah Copper Company at Bingham produces from a quarter to a third of the nation's output of copper. Magnesium, tungsten and aluminum deposits are being developed constantly. Potential coal supplies are estimated to be as great as any in the Union, as more than one-seventh of the total area of the state contains workable coal deposits. Iron ore deposits are immense and will be converted on a greatly increased scale when the Columbia Steel Company's plant near Provo is completed. These are but a few of the 201 metallic and non metallic minerals found in Utah.

Events of the Year.

One hundred and sixty-five miles southwest of Salt Lake City, in the Pahvant valley, a relocation center for Japanese has been established, named Topaz. It houses 8,500 people of Japanese extraction. There are educational opportunities for both young and old, including two elementary schools for about 350 students each, a junior and a senior high school for about 1,000 students. Over 2,000 adults have registered in adult education classes. Most of these Japanese have come from the San Francisco bay area. With 700 acres of fair farming land to be cultivated, the colony is expected to produce a good part of the food that will be needed during the next year. The center has its own city-council form of government under supervision of a United States government representative. There is also a hospital with 175 beds.

Near Salt Lake City an Air Replacement Center has been built which is able to accommodate 40,000 army air men for basic air training. Other military projects are a naval depot; the Utah ordnance plant; the northwestern remount station; the dugway proving grounds; the division and district engineering army headquarters; a transfer of the Ninth corps area headquarters to Salt Lake City; a general depot, and the Ogden air depot; and the Salt Lake air base.

Finances.

In 1942 relief expenditures totaled $9,467,093.13. Unemployment compensation benefit funds disbursed amounted to $1,640,301.63. The state insurance fund (workmen's compensation) paid out $2,726,650. In the governor's reorganization program the Finance Commission was given control of a general fund, which it disburses according to requests and needs. Appropriations made in other years are now taken care of in this manner.

State Officers.

Governor, Herbert B. Maw; Secretary of State, E. E. Monson; State Treasurer, Oliver G. Ellis; Auditor, Reese M. Reese; Attorney General, Grover A. Giles; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Charles H. Skidmore.

United States Senators:

Elbert D. Thomas, Abe Murdock.

1941: Utah

Area and Population.

Admitted to statehood Jan. 4, 1896, Utah ranks 10th in size among the states, with an area of 84,916 sq. mi., including 2,570 sq. mi. of inland water surface, according to remeasurements of the United States undertaken for the 16th census in 1940. In population it ranks 40th, numbering 550,310 according to the 1940 census. The majority are of the Teutonic and Nordic races, with 1,900 Negroes and a comparable number of Mexicans, Chinese, and Japanese. Salt Lake City, capital of the state, is the largest city, having a population of 149,934, with an additional 61,689 in the suburbs and adjacent towns, making a metropolitan population of 211,623. Other principal cities are Ogden, 43,688; Provo, 18,071; Logan, 11,868; Brigham, 5,642; Murray, 5,740.

Education.

In the 1941 school census an increase in the school population was recorded for the first time since 1933. There were 143,576 children of school age, 6-17 years inclusive, compared with 142,736 in 1940. Not since 1933, when there was an all-time high of 149,068, has there been an increase. In fact, each year since has shown a decline. The increase this year is due to the influx of population caused by defense activities. Of the total number of children of school age, 12,174 are 6-year-olds. This is the largest number in this age group in several years. There are 12,496 in the 17-year group. The census also shows that between the ages of 10 and 17 there are only 230 illiterates in the state.

The total expenditure for education in 1939-40 was $13,271,591.42, including salaries, which averaged $1,376.19 for the 4,608 teachers, principals, and supervisors in the elementary and high schools of Utah.

According to the 1940 biennial report, 393 elementary schools enrolled 78,394 pupils; 84 junior high schools enrolled 21,400 pupils; 76 senior high schools enrolled 37,427 pupils.

Almost every school community boasts an excellent school band. This is a favorite extra-curricular activity. Many outside activities are encouraged, and the membership in each of the following indicates how popular they are. Future Farmers has 3,500 members; the 4-H Clubs have an enrollment of 5,873, distributed through 239 communities; the Boy Scouts number 15,000; the Girl Scouts 1,398; and membership in the Girl Reserves is 600.

In June 1940 Utah was notified that $15,000,000 had been appropriated by the Federal Government for use in the vocational departments of trades and industries to train for national defense. This program was well under way during 1940-41, due to the cooperation of the schools. In the universities of the state, civilian aviation training was inaugurated, along with many classes in defense work and training for defense positions.

Mineral Products.

With a 38 per cent gain in 1940 in the total value of Utah's metals — gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc — bringing the amount to $86,585,499, the state ranked first in the Union in that regard. This was chiefly due to the increase in copper production, which rose even beyond the previous high of 1937, to 463,728,000 pounds. Utah still remained second however to Arizona for copper, although the rise in Utah was more than 33 per cent above 1939, when 343,780,000 pounds were valued at $35,753,120. Next in importance was gold, of which there were produced 355,494 oz. in 1940, worth $12,442,290. Silver, in which Utah ranks next to Idaho, amounted to 12, 172,299 oz., worth $8,655,857. Lead and zinc shared in the generally increased mineral production for the year, the former amounting to 76,688 tons, the latter to 43,788 tons.

Events of the Year.

The Deer Creek Dam in Provo Canyon has been completed ahead of the estimated schedule. This is the largest earth-filled dam constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation. The reservoir will extend six and one half miles above the dam into Heber Valley, and will hold 150,000 acre-feet of water. The Provo River Project, with the Deer Creek Dam and its two other divisions, Utah Lake and the aqueduct, will supply supplementary water for 100,000 acres of farm land in Utah and Salt Lake valleys.

Utah, with the other 47 states, has an important part in national defense. Many new industries are being established. A modern powder factory at Spanish Fork, built by the Illinois Powder Manufacturing Company, cost about $500,000. The small arms plant at Salt Lake City will be ready for production early in 1942. Built at a cost of $30,000,000 by the government, the production end will be turned over to the Remington Arms Company. Other defense plants operating now are the Utah General Depot at North Ogden, consisting of a supply and storage depot and warehouses; and Hill Field, an Ordnance Depot, at Clearfield.

Additions and improvements have been made to accommodate the Seventh Bombardment Squadron stationed at Fort Douglas. The municipal airport has been enlarged and improved, and barracks have been built at the airport to accommodate some of the men. During the year the Salt Lake Reception Center at Fort Douglas, comprising many new buildings, has been built to facilitate the induction of selectees into the army. The Wendover Bombing Range, another defense project, has had an appropriation of $1,500,000, which has been expended or contracted for. The government has advanced through RFC $126,000,000 for the further enlargement of the Columbia Steel Plant at Provo. This enlarged plant will turn out annually 1,550,000 tons of pig iron, 840,000 tons of open-hearth steel ingots, and 500,000 tons of steel plates, all for utilization on the Pacific Coast. Steady employment to 3,000 men will be given when the plant is completed.

Legislative Matters.

The time of the Legislature was almost entirely taken up with the consideration and passage of bills which reorganized the entire set-up of the state government. Governor Maw suggested in his message to the Legislature: (1) the elimination of the scores of boards, commissions, departments and other official agencies created by past Legislatures, which now carry on the state's function and spend the state's money; (2) the classification of the state's activities into as few units as possible; and (3) the creation of an organization to administer each classification.' The departments created during the session were: Finance, Engineering, Public Welfare, Lands and Water, Service and Inspection, Health, Publicity and Development, Board of Higher Education, Tax Commission, and the Liquor Commission. The heads of each of these departments are responsible directly to the Governor.

Finances.

Due to the reorganization of the state government during 1941, appropriations are now made as needed, through the Department of Finance, in almost all cases. The Department of Finance administers all state funds, including purchasing, state budgets, income from state lands, all state investments, state insurance fund, firemen's fund, teachers' retirement fund, and all other state funds formerly administered by state agencies.

An estimated budget was prepared, for the biennium 1941-43, of $9,886,281.06, with an estimated revenue of $7,438,500 plus $173,883.29 left from a surplus at the beginning of 1941. Public welfare expenditures during 1941, including $34,398 for child welfare, amounted to $8,891,645.

Reflecting an upward trend in business activity, Utah special tax collections in a five-months period from July 1 to November 30 increased 17.58 per cent over returns in the same period last year. These special taxes include: Income, and corporation franchise, beer, cigarette, inheritance, olcomargarine, sales and use, and gasoline. The special tax returns amounted to $5,805,401.07, compared with $4,937,244.30 during the same five-months period of 1940.

According to the biennium report issued in 1940, the state-chartered banks had total deposits of $86,815,669, and the national banks doing business in the state had total deposits of $74,138,893, making a total of $160,959,562.

State Officers.

Governor, Herbert B. Maw; Secretary of State, E. E. Monson; State Treasurer, Oliver G. Ellis; Auditor, Reese M. Reese; Attorney General, Grover A. Giles; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Charles H. Skidmore.

United States Senators:

Elbert D. Thomas, Abe Murdock.

1940: Utah

Area and Population.

Within an area of 84,990 sq. mi., Utah has a population (1940 census), of 550,310, an increase of 8.4 over the 1930 figures. Salt Lake City, capital of the state, is the largest city, having a population of 149,939, with an additional 61,689 in the suburbs and adjacent towns, making a metropolitan population of 211,623. Other principal cities are Ogden, 43,688; Provo, 18,071; Logan, 11,868; Murray, 5,740; Brigham, 5,642.

Education.

Since early pioneer days citizens of Utah have been conscious of the value of education. A state law requiring all children from 6 to 18 years of age to be in school accounts for the high literacy of the state. The school census for 1939-40 showed 143,537 children of school age listed. The actual enrollment numbered 137,434. The 6,103 difference in census and enrollment is probably accounted for by the attendance of that many pupils in private schools, universities or colleges, or in schools in other states. Statistics for such students are not available.

During the school year 1939-40, 393 elementary schools enrolled 78,394 pupils, 84 junior high schools enrolled 21,400 pupils, 76 senior high schools enrolled 37,427 pupils.

The average expenditure per child has increased from $68.28 in 1917-18, to $107.16 in 1939-40. The increase is due to greater financial assistance from several Federal agencies, with resulting improvement in buildings and plant equipment.

The total expenditures for education in 1939-40 were $13,271,591.42, including salaries which averaged $1,376.19 for the 4,608 teachers, principals, and supervisors in elementary and high schools of Utah.

For expenditures paid for vocational education and trade and industrial schools the Federal Government gave $10,000, the state $5,600.68 and local agencies $5,127.29.

During 1940 the educational survey authorized by the 1939 Legislature was completed, published, and accepted by Governor Blood. The Legislature of 1940 will consider the proposals and recommendations made by the committee, headed by Stanley Child. The most controversial subjects are further expansion of junior colleges, and establishment of a single board to control the two state universities.

Industry.

Building in Salt Lake City alone has exceeded $5,049,000 for the first time since 1929, and building throughout the state has expanded correspondingly. Utah is already preparing for the centennial celebration of 1947 which will commemorate the arrival of the Mormon pioneer settlers.

The defense program has boomed aviation in Utah. Hill Field at Ogden, Utah, has been enlarged; and the airport at Salt Lake City has been enlarged to accommodate the 7th Bombardment Squadron with its extensive equipment and personnel requirements.

Mineral Products.

The total value of Utah's leading metals in 1939, amounting to $62,385,075, was approximately 50 per cent in excess of that for 1938. Copper alone showed a 60 per cent increase, at 343,780,000 pounds with a value of $35,468,160. Lesser increases were recorded for gold, at 277,751 oz.; silver, 10,758,657 oz.; lead, 67,634 tons; and zinc, 34,526 tons. The output of natural gas, which had shown a rise of 89 per cent in 1938, continued to be noteworthy at 4,180,000 M. cu. ft., a little less than in 1938.

The new Bureau of Mines Building located in Salt Lake City has helped the tungsten and manganese and other mining interests by testing and assaying samples of deposits found in the state.

Finances.

Utah's state, county and local taxes for 1940 approached $35,000.000, including property taxes and all state special taxes. Property taxes charged for 1940 added up to $18,227,260. Special taxes for the first 11 months amounted to $15.174.737, with an estimated total for the year of about $16,500.000. The rise in special taxes was expected to be nearly $2,000,000 above the previous year, due almost entirely to improved business conditions.

A definite downward trend in the bonded indebtedness of Utah is noted. The total indebtedness of all taxing units, exclusive of state government, dropped from $30,431,000 in 1930, to $27,802,940 in 1940.

The State biennium budget proposed by the Governor for each year, 1939-41, was $7,576.546.91, increased by the Legislature to $8,439,426.49, with a $500,000 appropriation for state buildings if there should be a surplus.

The estimated budget for 1941-43 is $9,886,281,06, with an estimated revenue of $7,438.500 plus $173,883.29 left from a surplus at the beginning of 1941. The Governor-elect has not yet acted on this budget request total of the state department.

Banking.

On June 20, 1940, Utah's State Banks had total deposits of $86,815.660, and the National Banks doing business in the state had total deposits of $74,138,893; making a total of $160,959,562.

Social Welfare.

Federal appropriations for old-age assistance in Utah equaled $1,895,269.09 in 1939, and $1,690,513.42 in 1940. The State Insurance Fund for Workmen's Compensation equaled $1,239,691.51 in 1939, and $1,170,209.49 in 1940. The Unemployment Compensation Fund equaled $4,344,344.48 in 1939, and $5,344,146.65 in 1940. The Emergency Relief Fund equaled $622,335.50 in 1939, and $276,521.26 in 1940.

The Public Welfare budget for 1940 was $7,566,977.78. For 1941 the original estimate before reductions is $9,603,484.

Political Events.

The year 1940 was the first time a general election was held under the new primary law. The law provides for a regular primary and a run-off primary election four weeks apart, and leaves another five weeks between the run-off and the final election. The procedure is expensive both to the state and to individual candidates, and party organizations are hampered by the short period between the run-off primary and the final election.

At the general election a constitutional amendment, endorsed by both parties, was voted upon, whereby the Legislature is now empowered to remove the double liability of stockholders of State Banks. Since the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has been in operation, adequate protection has been given to depositors.

All elected state and Federal officers in Utah are Democratic. The state also gave its electoral votes to President Roosevelt.

State Officers.

Governor, Herbert B. Maw; Secretary of State, E. E. Monson; State Treasurer, Oliver G. Ellis; Auditor, Reese M. Reese; Attorney General, Grover A. Giles; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Charles H. Skidmore.

United States Senators:

Elbert D. Thomas, Abe Murdock.

1939: Utah

Area and Population.

Known because of its history as 'the Mormon state,' Utah was admitted to statehood Jan. 4. 1896. With an area of 84,990 sq. mi., it ranks 10th in size among the states. In population it ranks 40th, numbering 507,847 according to the census of 1930; 519,000 on July 1, 1937, according to a Federal estimate. The majority of the people are of the Teutonic and Nordic races, with about 1,900 Negroes and comparable numbers of Indians, Mexicans, Chinese and Japanese. The largest cities (1930 census) are Salt Lake City, the capital, 140,267 (metropolitan area, 195,200); Ogden, 40,272; Provo, 14,766.

Education.

Utah has three accredited universities of fine standing, the University of Utah, with a full-time enrollment in 1938-39 of 3,500, the Utah State Agricultural College at Logan, with 2,540, and the Brigham Young University at Provo, with 2,600. The four junior colleges had a full-time enrollment for the same period of 1,001.

The University of Utah and the State Agricultural College both have new field houses erected with the assistance of WPA and Federal financial aid.

In Salt Lake City, 92 per cent of the women and girls trained in strictly women's occupations under a vocational training program were placed in industry. Among occupations in which most placements were made were garment manufacturing, fur finishing, and garment alteration.

Mineral Products.

The total value of Utah's leading metals, copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc, amounted in 1938 to only $43,745,902, a reduction of almost 50 per cent from the 1937 total of $87,897,549. Preliminary figures for 1939, however, show a gratifying increase to a total of $62,385,575.

Production of copper, the state's most important metal, in which it ranks second in the Union, shared in the general decline in 1938, totalling 216,252,000 lb. valued at $21,192,696. This was about half the record production of 1937. The estimate for 1939 is 341,040,000 lb. valued at $35,468,160, an increase of about 60 per cent over the preceding year. The Utah Copper Company property at Bingham is again the leading producer in the United States. Gold production amounted to 200,630 oz. (value, $7,022,050) in 1938; and silver, in which the state also ranks second, totaled 9,682,732 oz. (value, $6,259,544) The output of lead was 65,657 tons in 1938; and zinc, 33,658 tons.

Industry.

The leading industries in the state, in order of importance, are: Smelting, grain milling, meat packing, oil refining, canning and preserving, sugar refining, car building and repairing, printing and publishing, butter making, baking, the manufacture of confectionery, clothing, clay products, and ice cream, and the refining of salt from Great Salt Lake. About half of the products used in manufacturing are purchased or obtained within the state.

Banking and Financial Condition.

Salt Lake bank clearings showed a gain during 1939 of 11.2 per cent over clearings for 1938. In 1939 the total was $787,415,116.

The total assessed valuation of all property in the state was $513,813,712.00 for 1930, and $569,973,730.00 in 1938. The total property tax collection during the fiscal year which ended June 30, 1939, was $17,735,000, as compared to $17,724,327 in 1938. The total of other taxes collected was $14,432,566.31 in 1939, as compared with $13,895,792.37 for 1938.

As of July 1, 1939, the general fund of Utah started a biennial period with a cash balance of $1,153,228.98, the largest in the history of the state.

Legislative Matters.

The Legislature comprises a Senate of 23 members, half of whom are elected each two years for a four-year term, and a House of Representatives of sixty members, elected each two years for a two-year term.

The Legislature met in 1939 and appropriated money for an Education Survey to be made throughout the state. A report is to be made by July 1, 1940. A 'Working-Wives' bill was introduced, and in effect a policy was adopted that state, county and municipal positions should be filled by men and women who have no other member of their families in such employment.

The 1937 law passed by the State Legislature, establishing milk production and market areas, with minimum prices and control of surplus milk, is being contested now before the Supreme Court. In the meantime, the Marketing Board for Salt Lake City and the surrounding area has voluntarily been dissolved. Reorganization is being resisted by some of the producers.

Government appropriations for 1939-40 amounted to $3,939,624.29.

Events of the Year.

A crude-oil pipe line has recently been completed from Fort Laramie. Wyoming, into Salt Lake City. This was built by the Utah Oil Refining Company, a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana.

Under the U. S. Public Health Service, the State Industrial Commission and the State Board of Health, a cooperative industrial survey was carried on. Three thousand workers in coal mines, metal mines, mills and smelters have been examined and studies of working environments have been made. Samples of dust, fumes, vapors, etc., to the number of 1,500 were sent to Washington, D. C. for analysis.

A new $165,000 tuberculosis hospital at Ogden, Utah, will be opened at the beginning of 1940.

WPA rolls in Utah for December 1939, averaged 11,532 persons, a decrease of 3,569 as compared with December 1938, when the average was 15,101.

A building tabulation, itemizing expenditures in Salt Lake City during the last 12 years, shows a gain in each year since 1932. The number of permits issued in 1928 were 1939, at a valuation of $4,446,376; permits issued in 1939 were 2,150, at a value of $4,896,516. This was an increase over 1938 of $1,000,000 in construction value, and an increase of more than $4,000,000 over the low of 1932.

Sports.

In 1939 the Bonneville Salt Flats in Western Utah were again the focus for land speed racing. John Cobb broke Captain George Eyston's 1938 record of 357.5 miles per hour by 11 miles, averaging 368 miles per hour on two trips through a measured mile, on an 11 mile course curving at one end. Both Cobb and Eyston are Englishmen. Endurance and distance speed tests and records were again established by Ab Jenkins in 1939 over a 10 mile circular track. Jenkins was subsequently elected Mayor of Salt Lake City.

Baseball increased in interest during 1939 in the Class C baseball league, the Pioneer League, with teams from Salt Lake and Ogden, Utah, and Pocatello, Twin Falls, Boise and Lewiston, Idaho. Night baseball is very well established and popular.

Skiing in Utah canyons is a most popular sport during seven months of the year. With the aid of Federal funds a 2,600 foot ski lift and a winter lodge were constructed at Alta, 20 miles from Salt Lake City.

State Officers.

The chief officers of the state in 1938 were: Governor, Henry H. Blood; Secretary of State, E. E. Monson; Attorney General, Joseph Chez; State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Charles H. Skidmore; State Auditor, John W. Guy.

United States Senators.

William H. King, Elbert D. Thomas.

1938: Utah

Area and Population.

Known from its history as 'the Mormon state,' Utah was admitted to statehood Jan. 4, 1896. With an area of 84,990 sq. mi., it ranks 10th in size among the states. In population it ranks 40th, numbering 507,847 according to the census of 1930; 519,000 on July 1, 1937, according to a Federal estimate. The majority of the people are of the Teutonic and Nordic races with about 1,900 Negroes and somewhat larger numbers of Indians, Mexicans, Chinese and Japanese. The largest cities (1930 census) are Salt Lake City, the capital, 140,267 (metropolitan area, 195,200); Ogden, 40,272; Provo, 14,766.

Mineral Products.

There was an astonishing increase, in 1937, in both the amount and value of Utah's leading minerals: copper, gold, lead, silver and zinc. The first, in which Utah ranks next to Arizona, the leading state, rose to a record production of 411,988,000 pounds, with a value of $49,850,548, as against 252,434,000 pounds in 1936, with a value of $23,223,928. The output of gold, 69 per cent of it from copper ore, was also the highest in the history of the state, 322,759 oz. (value, $11,296,565) compared with 223,444 oz. in 1936. Lead showed an increase of 28 per cent with 178,916,000 pounds (value, $10,556,044); and zinc production increased by 33 per cent, to 96,002,000 pounds. Silver, in which Utah ranks third in the Union, amounted to 12,869,117 oz. (value, $9,954,262).

Manufacturing.

The leading manufacturing industries in the state, in order of importance, are: smelting, grain milling, meat packing, oil refining, canning and preserving, sugar refining, car building and repairing, printing and publishing. Statistics furnished by the Utah Manufacturers Association show that in 1937 the manufacturers of the state paid $122,000,000 for materials, and added by manufacture a value of $41,000,000, giving their products a total value of $103,000,000 with an income to the manufacturers of $15,000,000.

Education.

Utah has a relatively high percentage, 95.6, of children of school age enrolled in the public schools, due to the compulsory attendance of all children from 6 to 18 years of age (unless graduation from high school occurs earlier). During 1937-38 there were 138,699 full-time pupils enrolled in the public elementary and high schools. The per capita cost of education in these schools was $80.32 for 1935-1936, and $97.09 for 1937-1938. The average salary of the 4,618 teachers, principals and supervisors in 1937-38 was $1,313.34, compared with $1,187.69 in 1935-1936.

Instead of the usual 8-year elementary, and 4-year high school plan, or the 6-year elementary and 3-year junior high and 3-year senior high plan, the Salt Lake City schools have adopted a plan calling for 6 years in elementary schools, followed by 3 years in junior high and only 2 years in senior high school. The public school system includes 5 accredited junior colleges. In 1937-38 the four junior colleges then operating had a total full-time enrollment of 841.

Legislation.

The Legislature comprises a Senate of 23 members, half of whom are elected each two years for a four-year term, and a House of Representatives of 60 members, elected each two years for a two-year term, the Legislature usually meeting once each two years. For the two years beginning January 1, 1939, the Senate will be composed of 21 Democrats and 2 Republicans; the House of Representatives of 45 Democrats and 15 Republicans.

In 1937 the Legislature passed a law encouraging the organization of agricultural cooperatives as a means of bettering the economic condition of farmers, and another act providing for the establishment of milk production and market areas with minimum prices and control of surplus milk. It also passed a Trade Commerce Act and Fair Trade Act, prohibiting unfair competitive practices in trade but permitting the fixing of prices of resale of trademarked goods or goods in trademarked containers. It established a system of direct primaries for elections, used for the first time in 1938. The Industrial Commission was made the Labor Relations Board of the state, and collective bargaining in labor disputes was enjoined upon industry. A system of taxation of utilities was provided whereby the valuation for rate purposes determined by the Public Service Commission must be accepted for tax purposes by the Tax Commission.

A decision of the Utah Supreme Court declared invalid the legislative plan adopting the same basis for tax purposes as the Public Service Commission has evolved for rate purposes. The Court in another decision upheld a minimum wage and maximum hours law. During the year there were contests between the Utah Power and Light Company and opposition interests in Ogden and Provo over the construction of municipal power plants. Each was initiated by petition and put to referendum and the plants approved. The State Supreme Court refused to overturn the results of the referenda and a writ of certiorari by the United States Supreme Court was denied. A subsequent referendum in Ogden defeated the municipal plant proposal and a new referendum has been petitioned for in Provo.

Events of Interest.

The Bonneville Salt Flats in western Utah furnish an ideal track for land speed racing. During 1938 the world's land speed record was raised three times by two Englishmen, Capt. George Eyston and John Cobb. Eyston's 1937 record was 319 miles per hour. His 1938 record is 357.5 miles per hour, made averaging two trips through a measured mile on an 11-mile course, curving at one end. Endurance speed records were established by Ab Jenkins in 1937 on a 10-mile circular track.

Utah has become snow-conscious during the last three or four years, many of its mountain slopes being ideal for winter sports. A 2600-foot ski lift and a winter lodge were constructed during 1938 with WPA funds, at Alta, 20 miles from Salt Lake City.

For Capital Reef National Monument and Zion National Monument, see NATIONAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS.

Banking and Finance.

There has not been a bank failure in Utah since 1933. The 59 banks operating in the state had deposits of $142,439,504, as of September 28, 1938, compared to $144,440,111 the year previous.

The state indebtedness was the lowest in 20 years, with outstanding bonds of $7,955,000, available sinking funds of $5,312,500 and a net bonded debt of $2,642,500 as of June 30, 1938. The assessed valuation of the state as estimated by the state auditor was $540,000,000 for 1938 and $530,000,000 in 1937. Total taxes levied for all purposes in the state were $15,758,382.03 in 1936 and $16,765,438.44 in 1937.

Federal Expenditures.

From March 1933 to June 30, 1938, the Federal Government allotted to the state of Utah, through its emergency organizations, $201,522,153. Of the total, $71,953,818 was loaned through such organizations as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Federal Reserve System, Rural Electrification Administration, Home Owners' Loan Corporation, and Commodity Credit Corporation. An additional $12,816,602 comprised loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration. The balance, $116,751,733, represents outright expenditures and includes $7,278,029 by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, $26,240,787 by the CCC, $13,881,667 by the Bureau of Public Roads, $20,846,606 by the Works Progress Administration, $7,317,769 by the Public Works Administration, $4,410,841 by the Civil Works Administration, $20,707,850 by the Federal Emergency Reemployment Administration, $4,187,080 by the Social Security Board, and $7,121,856 by the Bureau of Reclamation.

As of November 1937, there were 29,919 unemployed in the state, including emergency workers, 24,289 being males and 5,630 females. In addition there were 13,606 partially unemployed, including 12,248 males and 1,359 females.

State Officers.

The chief officers of the state in 1938 were: Governor, Henry H. Blood; Secretary of State, E. E. Monson; Attorney General, Joseph Chez; State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Charles H. Skidmore; State Auditor, John W. Guy.

United States Senators:

William H. King; Elbert D. Thomas.