1942: Oregon

Area and Population.

Oregon ranks ninth in size among the states, with an area of 96,981 sq. mi. The population as enumerated in the census of 1940 was 1,089,684, an increase of 14.2 per cent over the figure for 1930. Nearly 90 per cent of the population is composed of native-born white persons, and whites, both native and foreign-born compose more than 98 per cent of the total population. The leading 'other races' are Indians, Negroes, Chinese, and Filipinos. The Japanese were in the lead until their evacuation early in the war. Canada, Germany, Scandinavia and England are the leading home countries of the foreign-born.

Nearly one-third of the people of Oregon live in Portland, the one large city in the state, with a population of 305,394 in the census of 1940. At the close of the year 1942 the population of Portland and immediate environment had been greatly increased by the large influx of workers to the shipyards and other war industries of the area. The capital city (Salem) comes next in size with 30,908; after which follow Eugene (20,838), Klamath Falls (16,497), Medford (11,281), Astoria (10,389), and Bend (10,021).

Education.

In the main, public education held its own during the year ending in June, 1942. The school census showed a total of 266,352 of school age, an increase of about 1,000 over the preceding year. In the elementary schools the enrollment was 154,137, an increase of 9,345; while 60,337 were enrolled in standard high schools, a decrease of nearly 1,600, due, no doubt, to the lure of defense industries. When schools opened in the fall of 1942 the educational facilities were strained to the limit, and at the close of the year plans were still under way to provide new schools for the large number of children of workers in the shipyards and other war production plants who had come into the state. Standard high schools in the state in June 1942, numbered 256, and the average cost of maintaining these schools for the school year was $138.34, an increase of nearly $14 over the preceding year. The total number of public-school teachers was approximately 8,000. In the fall of the year a shortage of available teachers caused serious concern in many school systems.

Industrial Gains.

Industry and agriculture both showed marked gains during the year, largely due to the effort to meet war needs. The industrial payroll was nearly twice that of 1941, and in the Portland area it was nearly triple. There was an increase of 30 per cent in farm products, explained partly by increased production and partly by higher prices. Railroad freight traffic at Portland was from 40 to 50 per cent higher, and exports to foreign countries showed a gain of about 500 per cent over recent years. Retail trade in Portland was from 25 to 50 per cent greater than in 1941, and there were similar gains in other cities of the state. Bank clearings for the year in Portland were $3,248,513,562 on December 27, as compared with $2,508,723,490 on the same day in 1941. Street car and bus traffic in Portland strained facilities to the limit, with an increase of more than 50 per cent in passengers. Receipts from the state income tax for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1942, amounted to $11,965,000, as compared with $7,285,000 for the preceding year.

Legislative Matters.

The Legislature did not meet in 1942, but seven measures, four of which were constitutional amendments, were submitted to the voters at the general election in November. Four of these measures were adopted, namely: increase in the compensation of legislators from $3 a day for forty days to $8 a day for 50 days; repeal of the rural credits amendment to the state constitution; a constitutional amendment to prevent diversion of the gasoline tax; and a law transferring a surplus in the treasury to the public-school fund. The three measures which were defeated were: a tax on cigarettes, a law regulating fishing, and a constitutional amendment relating to the voting privileges of idiots and persons convicted of crimes punishable by imprisonment in the state penitentiary.

The recently created fourth Congressional district of Oregon now brings to four the number of Representatives in Congress from Oregon.

Defense.

The most notable war industry in Oregon was to be found in the Henry J. Kaiser shipyards in the Portland area. In one of these yards a Liberty ship was launched in ten days after the laying of the keel. Two large army cantonments, a blimp base, and several other units for the training and supplying of the armed forces were constructed in Oregon during the year. During 1942 the people of Oregon purchased more than $100,000,000 worth of war bonds. The war was brought close to home when a Japanese submarine shelled the coast near the mouth of the Columbia River on July 23, and in September when a bomb was dropped from a Japanese airplane in southwestern Oregon.

State Officers.

Governor, Earl Snell; Secretary of State, Robert S. Farrell, Jr.; Treasurer, Leslie M. Scott; Attorney General, K. H. Van Winkle; Superintendent of Public Instruction. Rex Putnam.

United States Senators:

Charles L. McNary, Rufus C. Holman.

1941: Oregon

Area and Population.

The central state of the Pacific group, Oregon has an area of 96,981 sq. mi., including 631 sq. mi. of inland water surface, according to remeasurements of the United States undertaken for the 16th census in 1940. It ranks ninth in size in the United States. The census of 1940 gave the state a population of 1,089,684, an increase of 14.2 per cent over the figure for 1930. The population density is slightly less than 11.3 persons per square mile. The native-born white population makes up nearly 90 per cent of the total, and the whites (native and foreign-born) are more than 98 per cent of the whole population. The small proportion of 'other races' include Japanese, Indians, Negroes, Chinese, and Filipinos. The leading foreign countries represented, in order of numbers, are Canada, Germany, Sweden, England, Norway, Russia, and Italy.

Oregon has only one large city, Portland (305,394), in which, with its metropolitan area, dwell more than one third of the people of the state. Next in order come: the capital city, Salem (30,908), Eugene (20,838), Klamath Falls (16,497), Medford (11,281), Astoria (10,389), and Bend (10,021).

Education.

Public education in Oregon held its own and made some advance during 1941, in spite of, and possibly because of, the expansion of defense industries, with a corresponding increase of workers and their families. The school census showed a total of 265,500 persons of school age in the state. The enrollment in June 1941, was 144,792 in elementary schools, or an increase of 9,500 over the previous year; and 61,923 in standard high schools, or a decrease of about 800. The total number of standard high schools was 258, and the average per capita cost of maintaining standard high schools for the year ending June 1941, was $124.75, an increase of nearly $11.00, due in part to increases in the salaries of teachers. The total number of public-school teachers was approximately 8,000.

The total enrollment in the 6 institutions comprising the Oregon State System of Higher Education, for the academic year 1940-41, was 11,478, or a decrease of only 35 as compared with the previous year. Near the close of the year the State Board of Higher Education took action restoring to the University of Oregon the right to offer advanced undergraduate and graduate work in science, instruction which was discontinued after the reorganization of the educational system in 1932.

Industry and Business.

In general, business and industry in Oregon showed a marked improvement during the year 1941. Retail sales in nearly all lines showed increased volume during the year. River cargo passing the locks of the Bonneville Dam increased by nearly 50,000 tons during the first six months of the year. Oregon exports for the first quarter of the year were 47 per cent greater than for the corresponding period in 1940, and for the entire year foreign exports out of Portland amounted to $26,877,032, as compared with $20,758,608 in 1940. New construction in Portland was $14,029,640 in 1941, or an increase of nearly 37 per cent over 1940, and there was a corresponding upward trend in other cities. Portland banks ended the year with an all-time high in bank clearings — $2,508,723,490.13, well ahead of the previous high record in 1926. Lumber production was greatly stimulated by the requirements of national defense and the industry enjoyed increased profits, although thrown into confusion for a time by priority rules.

Agriculture.

Agricultural crops were the most abundant in years, and farm mortgage indebtedness showed a steady decrease. Farm values per acre were indexed at 85, as compared with 72 in 1933.

Mineral Products.

The year 1940 brought increases in the state's production of precious metals, amounting to 21 per cent in the case of gold, with a total of 113,402 oz. valued at $3,969,070, and to 108 per cent for silver, with 219,112 oz. valued at $155,813. Mercury production was well ahead of the previous year. With the addition of small quantities of copper, lead, and zinc, the total wealth from Oregon mines equalled $4,148,271.

Defense Activities.

National defense made its impress on the industrial and economic life of Oregon in real earnest during the year 1941. Shipbuilding, both for the Navy and for the Merchant Marine, was perhaps the most notable development. The Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation of Portland received large government contracts, and in May launched the first of a rapidly accumulating number of vessels, in a plant said to be one of the best in the United States. Several other Portland firms received contracts for a large variety of naval craft, as did also shipbuilding companies at Astoria, North Bend, and Marshfield. Two huge new aluminum plants were located during the year near Portland to utilize power developed by the Bonneville Dam. Several large chemical plants were also launched in the Portland area. Throughout the state there was much airport construction and improvement.

By midsummer, state and local councils of national defense were organized and in operation. Drives for funds, such as those for the USO and the American Red Cross, exceeded their goals. Weeks before the outbreak of war, air-raid warning systems were set up and operated in western Oregon, and there were practice black-outs. In short, civilian defense measures were well established, with personnel and preliminary training, before war actually came.

Legislative Matters.

The Legislative Assembly of Oregon began its forty-first regular session on Jan. 13, and adjourned on March 15, 1941. Among the most important measures enacted were those relating to national defense. These included the reorganization of the military general staff and the National Guard; the authorization of a new military organization to be known as the Oregon State Guard, to function within the state during the absence of the National Guard; the granting of leaves of absence to public officials and employees in military service; the setting up of housing authorities to cope with problems arising out of defense concentrations; and authorization for airports and emergency landing fields. Otherwise, legislative activities were confined largely to routine matters and the amendment of existing laws. Among measures which aroused special interest were the creation of a fourth Congressional district, in which an additional Representative will be elected in 1942, and a law imposing a tax on cigarettes, the income from which would be devoted to relief. The referendum was invoked on this law, and at the close of 1941 the outcome was still in some doubt.

State Officers.

Governor, Charles A. Sprague; Secretary of State, Earl Snell; Treasurer, Leslie M. Scott; Attorney General, I. H. Van Winkle, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Rex Putnam.

United States Senators:

Charles L. McNary, Rufus C. Holman.

1940: Oregon

Area and Population.

Oregon, central state of the Pacific group, has an area of 95,607 sq. mi. The census figures for 1940 give the state a population of 1,089,684, an increase of 135,898 or 14.2 per cent over the figures for 1930. The native-born white population make up nearly 90 per cent of the whole population, and with the foreign-born whites more than 98 per cent.

Oregon has only one large city, Portland, 305,394. This, with its metropolitan area, comprises more than one-third of the people of the state. Next in size come the capital city, Salem, 30,908; Eugene, 20,838; Klamath Falls, 16,497; Medford, 11,281; Astoria, 10,389; and Bend, 10,021. There has been no change in the rank of these cities since 1930. Of the thirty-six counties in the state five showed a decrease in population; the three showing the largest decrease (up to 21.8 per cent) lie in the wheat belt in the north-central part of the state along the Columbia River. The highest rate of increase was in Malheur County in the southeastern corner of the state, where the population increased by 75 per cent.

Education.

The public-school census of October, 1939, showed a total of 264,743 persons of school age in the state, which was a decrease of about 5,600 from the number in 1938. The enrollment in June, 1940, was 135,232 in elementary schools, or a decrease of nearly 2,000 over the previous year; and 62,763 in standard high schools, or an increase of nearly 2,500. The total number of standard high schools was 260 and the average per capita cost of maintaining such schools for the year ending June, 1940, was $113.95. The total number of public school teachers was 7,821.

Industry.

There were numerous indications of improved economic conditions in Oregon during the year 1940. The volume of retail sales for the first six months was reported to be about 9 per cent larger than for the same period in 1939, and the trend was maintained during the last half of the year. The income tax collections of the state for the year ending June 30, 1940, showed an increase of 1.5 per cent and pay roll taxes an increase of 11.8 per cent, placing Oregon at the head of the Pacific Coast states in this respect. In November, payrolls were reliably estimated to be 18 per cent higher than in the same period in 1939.

Mineral Products.

Production of metals in Oregon, including gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc, reached an all-time high in 1939, the total value being $3,268,134. Of this amount gold accounted for almost seven-eighths, the quantity mined having been 91,000 ounces valued at $2,860,515.

Political and Legislative Matters.

Eighty per cent of the registered voters in Oregon cast ballots in the November elections — the largest number in the history of the state. The vote for President and Vice President was 258,415 for the Democratic candidates, and 219,555 for the Republican candidates. All three of the present Representatives in Congress, two Republicans and one Democrat, were re-elected.

No session of the Oregon Legislative Assembly was held during the year 1940, but four referendum measures and five initiative measures were submitted to the voters of the state at the November elections. Five of these proposals were constitutional amendments: (1) removing the two-term limit for the secretary of state and treasurer; (2) revising the method of establishing the tax base; (3) repealing the double liability of stockholders of state banks; (4) increasing the pay of legislators; and (5) legalizing certain gambling and gaming devices and certain lotteries. The other four were legislative measures: (1) changing the date of the primary elections from May to September; (2) providing further regulation of the sale and use of alcoholic liquor (the so-called 'night-club' bill); (3) repealing the present liquor law limiting sale of hard liquors to state liquor stores; and (4) repealing the milk-control law. All nine of the proposals were defeated.

During the year the question of creating public utility districts for the purpose of securing and using Bonneville power was submitted to the voters and met with varying success. In Portland, for instance, the proposal was decisively defeated in May. On the other hand, five out of eleven such proposals submitted in various communities at the general election in November were adopted. At the same time four bond issues by existing districts were approved. A bond issue for the construction of an airport at Eugene was likewise approved.

State Officers.

Governor, Charles A. Sprague; Secretary of State, Earl Snell; Treasurer, Leslie M. Scott; Attorney General, J. H. Van Winkle; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Rex Putnam; Labor Commissioner, C. H. Gram.

United States Senators:

Charles L. McNary and Rufus C. Holman.

1939: Oregon

Area and Population.

The central state of the Pacific group, Oregon has an area of 95,607 sq. mi. The census of 1930 gives a population of 953,786, ranking it 34th among the states. The population density is 9.8 persons per sq. mi., as compared with 40.5 for the United States. The native-born white population comprises 87.2 per cent, and all whites (native and foreign born) 98.2 per cent of the whole population. Foreign-born whites make up 11.1 per cent of the population. Those of foreign or mixed parentage number 211,580 or 21.1 per cent of the total. The leading foreign countries represented in order of numbers are Canada, Germany, Sweden, England, Norway, Russia, Finland, Italy, Switzerland, Scotland and Denmark. Other races include Japanese, 4,958; Indians, 4,776; Negroes, 2,234; Chinese, 2,075; Filipinos, 1,066.

Oregon is peculiar in that its one large city, Portland (301,815), with its metropolitan area, holds more than one third of the people of the state. Next in rank come the capital city, Salem (26,266); Eugene (18,901); Klamath Falls (16,093); Medford (11,007); Astoria (10,349). The census of 1940 will doubtless show increases in all cases, and may change the order of rank.

Education.

The public school census of October, 1938, showed a total of 270,396 persons of school age in the state. The enrollment in June, 1939, was 137,156 in elementary schools, and 60,261 in high schools. The total enrollment in the institutions comprising the Oregon State System of Higher Education (the University of Oregon at Eugene, the Oregon State College at Corvallis, and the three Teachers' Colleges at Monmouth, Ashland and LaGrande) increased from 10,192 during the academic year 1937-38, to 11,022 during the academic year 1938-39.

Mineral Products.

The total value of Oregon's leading metals, which include chiefly gold, with smaller amounts of silver, copper, lead, and zinc, rose in 1938 from the 1937 figure of $2,005,218 to $2,935,053. The increase was almost wholly due to developments in gold mining where production was expanded by 55 per cent to 81,729 oz. with a value of $2,860,515, compared with 52,662 oz. valued at $1,843,170 in the preceding year.

Preliminary figures for the total value of Oregon's metals in 1939 point to an all-time high since mining was first started there in 1852, the sum being $3,268,134, an increase of 11 per cent over 1938. This included production of 91,100 oz. of gold (value, $2,860,515), more than in any year since 1916.

Economic Conditions.

Reliable surveys of economic conditions throughout the state reveal progress in recovery, in Oregon, either actually or relatively, during the year 1939. As compared with other far western states, and with the national average, Oregon showed greater progress in volume of manufacture, agricultural and other production, wholesale and retail sales, and in amount of gross and net earnings of the people. For instance, there was a continuance of encouraging conditions in the lumber industry, which during 1938 for the first time led all the states with a production of 3,790,896,000 board feet. The peak figure for lumber production in Oregon was 4,784,009,000 board feet in 1929, and the low point during the depression was 1,603,892,000 board feet in 1932. Farm land values showed a 13.9 per cent recovery from the 1933 low, or a 77.4 per cent approach to the 1929 high. The spring salmon output on the Columbia River enjoyed an increase of 26 per cent the preceding year.

Finance.

State and local revenues for 1938 showed a slight decrease, as compared with the year 1937. On the other hand, the bonded indebtedness of the state on July 1, 1939, was $40,418,085, whereas it stood at $44,394,935 on the corresponding date in 1938. The debt of Oregon cities was likewise decreased from $54,683,324 in 1938 to $51,240,270 in 1939.

Legislative Matters.

During its sixty-six-day session the fortieth Oregon Legislative Assembly made biennial appropriations from the general fund totalling $17,278,989.46, as compared, with $17,845,135.60 in 1937. These figures do not include amounts available for governmental activities maintained by fees or contributions or sums appropriated from liquor revenues for relief purposes. The total amount appropriated by the state for relief from all sources, from the creation of the state relief committee in 1933 to May 10, 1939, was $16,466,036.45. Important social legislation enacted included the creation of a Public Welfare Commission to supervise all relief and assistance agencies; the revision of the unemployment compensation law to conform with Federal standards; the reorganization of the parole system and the expansion of the functions of the Parole Board; the repeal of the so-called 'pauper's oath' for applicants for old-age assistance; and amendments to the laws relating to the regulation of liquor sales. Minor changes were made in the income tax laws. Legislation affecting education included a non-compulsory school district reorganization law facilitating the consolidation of school districts; an amendment permitting the local adoption of text-books under certain conditions; an increase of the legal minimum for teachers' salaries from $75.00 to $85.00 a month; the change of the official names of the three Oregon Normal Schools to Oregon Colleges of Education; and provision for the election of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction on a non-partisan ballot.

Events of the Year.

The utilization of the power generated by the Bonneville Dam was a topic of widespread general interest in Oregon during 1939. Mr. J. D. Ross, the first administrator of the Bonneville project died in February. After an interval Mr. Paul J. Raver was appointed to fill the vacancy, and assumed his duties in September. The creation of public utility districts for the purpose of securing and using Bonneville power was a hotly debated topic in several localities preceding special elections on the subject. A few districts were established in consequence of favorable votes, although in Lane County the proposal was defeated. Several additional elections were in prospect at the close of the year.

A new building to house the Oregon State Library at Salem was dedicated and occupied in February, 1939. The building is of marble and harmonizes with the new state Capitol which was completed in 1938.

State Officers.

Governor, Charles A. Sprague; Secretary of State, Earl Snell; Treasurer, Walter E. Pearson; Attorney General, J. H. Van Winkle; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Rex Putnam; Labor Commissioner, C. H. Gram.

United States Senators.

Charles L. McNary, Rufus J. Holman.

1938: Oregon

Area and Population.

Oregon, central state of the Pacific group, was admitted to statehood Feb. 14, 1859. It has an area of 95,607 square miles, which ranks it 9th in size among the states. The census of 1930 gives it a population of 953,786, ranking it 34th in that respect. The population density is 9.8 persons per sq. mile as compared to 40.5 for the United States. The whites (native and foreign-born) are 98.2 per cent of the whole population: the native-born whites being 87.2 per cent, and the foreign-born 11 per cent. Those of foreign or mixed parentage are 21.1 per cent of the total. The leading other races are Japanese, 4,598; Indians, 4,776; Negroes, 2,234; Chinese, 2,075; Filipinos, 1,068.

Oregon is peculiar in having but one large city, Portland, 301,815 (1930 census); with its metropolitan area it holds more than one third of the people of the state. Next in rank come the capital city, Salem, 26,266; Eugene, 18,901; Klamath Falls, 16,093; Medford, 11,007; Astoria, 10,349.

Mineral Products.

Gold, the chief mineral product of Oregon, showed a slight decrease in 1937, production amounting to 52,662 oz. (value, $1,843,170), compared with 60,753 oz. in 1936. Small quantities of silver, copper, lead and zinc added to the total value of metals produced, which amounted in 1937 to $2,005,218, compared with $7,146,732 in 1936. The only other mineral item of importance in the state is stone, of which about 2,010,490 tons were produced in 1937, with a value of $1,442,916.

Education.

The school census for 1937-38, including all children from four to twenty years of age, reached the highest figure in the history of the state, 269,063. Of these, 148,186 were enrolled in the grades and 62,063 in the high schools. The cost of operating the schools was $17,663,161, the highest since 1933. In 1931-32 the cost was $18,000,000. Of the 1937-38 high school graduates 20 per cent entered college, 3 per cent more than in the preceding year.

Events of the Year.

The first important event of the year 1938 was the strike of the Portland typographical union for higher wages, which caused the suspension of the three daily newspapers from 1 P.M. Jan. 15 until 6 P.M. Jan. 20. Portland depended for news during these four days on daily issues of the C.I.O. New Dealer, ordinarily a weekly. A compromise settlement on a basis of $9 for a day and $9.50 for a night of 7½ hours ended the strike.

On Jan. 28, United States Senator Frederick Steiwer, Republican, resigned, and on Feb, 1, Governor Martin appointed Evan Reames, Democrat, to succeed him for the unexpired term.

Rates for power at the Bonneville Dam, which was completed during 1937, were announced by J. D. Ross, administrator, on May 14. These were $17.50 per kilowatt year on transmission and $14.50 per kilowatt at the dam site. (See also CIVIL ENGINEERING.) The administrator also concluded an agreement to make use of the roadbed of the Oregon Electric Railroad for a transmission line that will serve the Willamette Valley as far as Eugene.

During the year peace officers conducted a vigorous prosecution of union officials, especially those connected with the Portland teamsters union, and others connected with labor unions, arresting 120 persons charged with 232 crimes of violence, such as destruction of property, arson, bombing, and damaging automobiles. Of the accused, by the end of November 65 had pleaded guilty, 11 had been convicted, and 23 released.

Business Recovery.

The business recession struck Oregon with less force than other sections of the country. Saw mills that had been shut down for six months began to resume operations by the end of January. Some of these closed again later in the year because of a decline in business and because of jurisdictional disputes between rival A.F. of L. and C.I.O. unions, but by the end of the year most of the mills had reopened. For the first ten months of 1938, bank clearings in Portland were 12.86 per cent under the same period for 1937; production of fir timber was 19.12 per cent lower, pine lumber 26.8 per cent less than for a like period in 1937; customs collections were down 40.44 per cent. Electric energy showed a small decline, 1.71 per cent. Rural conditions seemed to be improving more rapidly than industrial, as shown by the fact that one large power company that serves a rural area showed 3.2 per cent increase in earning for the 12 months ending with September. Wheat shipments from Portland for the period July 1 to October 1 were 5,460,720 bushels as compared to 2,795,246 bushels for a like period in 1937. From October to December every business index, bank clearings, lumber production, electric energy sales, customs collection and retail sales, gave evidence of improvement over each previous month.

Political and Legislative Affairs.

The November election resulted in almost a clean sweep for the Republicans. Charles A. Sprague, editor and owner of the Oregon Statesman (Salem), was elected Governor over his Democratic opponent. Henry L. Hess, by a majority of 55,318, in a total vote of 386,014. Rufus C. Holman, Republican candidate for United States Senator, defeated Willis E. Mahoney, Democrat, by a majority of 35,985. The only Democratic candidate for state office to survive was Rex Putnam, state school superintendent (incumbent). For the state Senate 22 Republicans and 8 Democrats were elected; for the House 20 Republicans and 14 Democrats. This was a gain for the Republicans of four in the Senate and fourteen in the House.

Of the measures submitted to vote of the people at the November election the following were among those approved: requiring marriage license applicants to be examined physically and mentally, including a blood test to show freedom from certain diseases; prohibiting slot machines, pin-ball, dart and similar gambling devices; directing the legislative assembly to ask Congress to call a national convention to adopt the Townsend old-age pension plan; regulating picketing and boycotting by labor unions (this was known as the Anti-picketing Bill). Among the measures defeated were those repealing the double liability of state bank stockholders; increasing compensation for legislators; levying a two-per-cent transaction tax to provide old-age pensions; regulating sale of alcoholic liquors; legalizing certain lotteries and other forms of gambling.

State Officers.

As a result of the election, the chief state officers are: Governor, Charles A. Sprague; Secretary of State, Earl Snell; Treasurer, Walter E. Pearson (by appointment of Governor Martin after resignation of Rufus C. Holman); Attorney General, I. H. Van Winkle; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Rex Putnam; Labor Commissioner, C. H. Gram.

Justices of the Supreme Court.

Henry J. Bean, J. O. Bailey, John L. Rand, George Rossman, Hall S. Lusk, Percy R. Kelly, and Harry K. Belt.

United States Senators:

Charles L. McNary and Rufus C. Holman.