1942: Football

Collegiate Football.

Operating under handicaps that were judged early in 1942 to preclude the possibility of going ahead, football nevertheless enjoyed a full and exciting season to make its contribution to the war effort.

Losses of players and coaches to the armed forces, transportation shortages, and dimout regulations left their mark. Attendance at college games, largely resulting from the rationing of gas and rubber and the banning of railroad specials to sports events, fell off 19 per cent generally and in some cases 50 per cent.

The Army-Navy game, held in recent years before 100,000 people in Philadelphia, was transferred by presidential order to Annapolis, where less than 12,000 were present and the unique sight was offered of half of the regiment of midshipmen substituting as a cheering section for Army. The cadet corps was not allowed to accompany its team.

Despite the many dislocations, football had a big year. Both the college and professional teams played out their normal schedules. The various bowl games were held, with the Rose Bowl classic returning to Pasadena and the East-West charity fixture to San Francisco. The crowds, if smaller on the whole, taxed the capacity of the stadia for a large number of games.

The armed services went in for football in a big way. Army and Navy leaders bespoke the value of the sport in training young men for combat duty and in developing the qualities of leadership required of the officer personnel.

Commander Thomas Hamilton of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics was one of the foremost advocates of football as a preparation for fighting service. Through his initiative, physical fitness programs were established for naval aviation cadets in pre-flight schools at the universities of North Carolina, Georgia, Iowa and at St. Mary's (California).

Leading coaches, including Benie Bierman of Minnesota, James Crowley of Fordham, Harvey Harman of Rutgers and Ray (Bear) Wolf of North Carolina, were commissioned to assist in the direction of this training program. The football teams of these pre-flight schools were among the strongest in the country.

There were Army teams, Navy teams, Coast Guard teams, Marine teams and air base teams. The best of those playing in college competition was Great Lakes, which won legendary fame in the first World War.

Two Army All-Star elevens were organized to help raise funds for the Army Emergency Relief Fund. Lieut. Colonel Robert Neyland, formerly of Tennessee, and Major Wallace Wade, erstwhile of Duke, were put in charge of them. They played eight games against professional clubs in the National Football League and won four games and lost four. The sum of $241,392.29 was raised for the fund.

The caliber of college football was not up to the usual standard. This was owing in part to the fact that freshmen had to be drafted in some sections to fill out the depleted varsity squads, many coaches left to join the colors, and the players did not have as much time for practice as usual under accelerated academic programs.

Nevertheless, the play was exciting and to the liking of the public. The football was more open, the highest scoring average in twelve years resulted, and never before has there been a season so filled with shocking upsets. It remained for the end of the season to furnish the climax.

On one and the same day, Boston College and Georgia Tech, then ranked first and second nationally, took terrific drubbings. Boston College, which had beaten Fordham by 56-6, went into a stunning tailspin in its closing game with Holy Cross, which had been beaten four times, and was routed by 55-12. Georgia, which had been ousted from the top position when it was upset by Auburn, toppled Georgia Tech with a 34-0 pasting.

On that same day, Navy, a 3-to-1 underdog, completely outclassed Army to win by 14-0. It was a season in which Illinois humbled once-invincible Minnesota. The Golden Gophers, champions and unbeaten in 1941 and 1940, had their winning streak ended by Bierman's Iowa Seahawks and lost four times during the campaign.

A team as good as Northwestern lost nine of its ten games. Nebraska lost seven. Oregon State, Rose Bowl winner the year before, lost five. Cornell, Texas A. & M., Duquesne, Stanford, Southern California, Duke and Texas Christian University, all habitually strong, were beaten three or more times. Notre Dame lost two and was tied twice. Only one team of major status, Tulsa, won all its games (except the Sugar Bowl game).

The mid-West and the deep South were the strongest centers. In the final ranking compiled by the Associated Press poll, Ohio State was rated at the top. Next in order came Georgia, Wisconsin (the only team to beat Ohio State), Tulsa, Georgia Tech, Notre Dame, Tennessee, Boston College, Michigan, and Alabama.

Georgia won the invitation to the Rose Bowl with its victory over Georgia Tech and beat the University of California at Los Angeles (U. C. L. A.) in Pasadena by the score of 9-0.

In the Sugar Bowl at New Orleans Tulsa and Tennessee were the rivals, the decision going to Tennessee by 14-7.

Boston College and Alabama met in the Orange Bowl at Miami and the latter won, 37-21.

Texas and Georgia Tech squared off in the Cotton Bowl at Dallas and the decision went to Texas, 14-7.

Conference titles went to the following: Western, Ohio State; Southeastern, Georgia; Southern, William and Mary; Big Six, Missouri; Missouri Valley, Tulsa; Southwestern, Texas; Pacific Coast, University of California at Los Angeles; Big Seven, Utah and Colorado tied. Boston College was ranked as the top team of the East and received the Lambert Trophy. Yale won the Big Three crown for the first time since 1936 and Amherst won the Little Three title with an upset victory over Williams.

The coach of the year was voted to be William Alexander of Georgia Tech. Frank Sinkwich, Georgia back, won the Heisman Trophy as the outstanding player of the year and Paul Governali of Columbia was second, winning the Maxwell Award.

COLLEGIATE FOOTBALL SCORES

Listed below are the scores of all games played by the five top-ranking teams; and following them, the scores of major games participated in by other leading teams. In each case the score given first belongs to that team in italics.

Ohio State: Fort Knox, 59-0; Indiana, 32-21; So. California, 28-12; Purdue, 26-0; Northwestern, 20-6; Wisconsin, 7-17: Pittsburgh, 59-19; Illinois, 44-20; Michigan, 21-7; Iowa Pre-Flight, 41-12.

Georgia: Kentucky, 7-6; Jacksonville, Tchrs., 14-0: Furman. 40-7; Mississippi, 48-13; Tulane, 40-0; Cincinnati, 35-13: Alabama, 21-10; Florida, 75-0; Chattanooga, 40-0; Auburn, 13-27; Georgia Tech., 34-0.

Wisconsin: Camp Grant, 7-0; Notre Dame. 7-7; Marquette, 35-7; Missouri, 17-9; Great Lakes, 13-7; Purdue, 13-0; Ohio State, 17-7; Iowa, 0-6; Northwestern, 20-19; Minnesota, 20-6.

Tulsa: Waco Air Base, 84-0; Oklahoma, 23-0; Randolph Field, 68-0; Washington (St. L.), 40-0; St. Louis, 41-0; Drake, 40-0; Oklahoma A. and M., 34-6; Baylor, 24-0; Creighton, 33-19; Arkansas, 40-7.

Georgia Tech: Auburn, 15-0; Notre Dame, 13-6; Chattanooga, 30-12; Davidson, 33-0; Navy, 21-0; Duke, 26-7; Kentucky, 47-7; Alabama, 7-0; Florida, 20-7; Georgia, 0-34.

Army: Cornell, 28-8; Columbia, 34-6; Harvard, 14-0; Pennsylvania, 0-19; Notre Dame, 0-13; Princeton, 40-7; Navy, 0-14.

Boston College: Georgetown, 47-0; Temple, 28-0; Fordham, 56-6; Boston University, 37-0; Holy Cross, 12-55.

Columbia: Brown, 21-28; Army, 6-34; Pennsylvania, 12-42; Cornell, 14-13; Dartmouth, 13-26; Navy, 9-13.

Cornell: Army, 8-28; Columbia, 13-14; Yale, 13-7; Dartmouth, 21-19; Pennsylvania, 7-34.

Dartmouth: Harvard, 14-2; Yale, 7-17; Princeton, 19-7; Cornell, 19-21; Columbia, 26-13.

Fordham: Purdue, 14-7; Tennessee, 14-40; L.S.U., 13-26; Boston College, 6-56; Missouri, 20-12.

Harvard: Pennsylvania, 7-19; Dartmouth, 2-14; Army, 0-14; Princeton, 19-14; Yale, 3-7.

Michigan: Northwestern, 34-16; Illinois, 28-14; Harvard, 35-7; Notre Dame, 32-20; Ohio State, 7-21.

Navy: Princeton, 0-10; Yale, 13-6; Georgia Tech, 0-21; Notre Dame, 0-9; Army, 14-0.

Pennsylvania: Yale, 35-6; Princeton, 6-6; Army, 19-0; Navy, 0-7; Cornell, 34-7.

Princeton: Navy, 10-0; Harvard, 14-19; Dartmouth, 7-19; Yale, 6-13; Army, 7-40.

Tennessee: Fordham, 40-14; Alabama, 0-8; Mississippi, 14-0; Kentucky, 26-0; Vanderbilt, 19-7.

Texas: Northwestern, 0-3; S.M.U., 21-7; Baylor, 20-0; T.C.U., 7-13; Texas A. and M., 12-6.

U.C.L.A.: T.C.U., 6-7; California, 21-0; Stanford, 20-7; Oregon, 7-14; Washington, 14-10.

Yale: Pennsylvania, 6-35; Navy, 6-13; Dartmouth, 17-7; Cornell, 7-13; Harvard, 7-3.

Professional Football.

Professional football came up with the most stunning reversal of the season when the Chicago Bears, supposedly the greatest force the game has known in many years, were beaten by the Washington Redskins in the play-off for the championship of the National Football League, 14-6.

Unbeaten in eighteen successive league games going back to 1941 and champions for the past two years, the Bears were overwhelming favorites to repeat. But the Redskins clearly outplayed the Bears in the first half, turned them back twice in the final half when Sid Luckman and Charley O'Rourke connected with their passes, and won before a sell-out crowd in the national capital. Sammy Baugh, their great passer, was the man of the hour, with the line doing a great job.

The Pittsburgh Steelers and the New York Giants, the only team to beat Washington, finished behind the Redskins in the Eastern division. The Green Bay Packers were second to the Bears in the Western loop.

1941: Football

Once again Minnesota was the college football team of the year in 1941. For the second successive season the Gophers won every game on their schedule, to run their string of victories up to seventeen and finish on top in the national poll of the Associated Press while capturing their sixth Big Ten crown in eight years.

Behind Minnesota, the best teams as ranked in the poll at the end of the season were Duke, Notre Dame, Texas, Michigan, Fordham, Missouri, Duquesne, Texas A.&M. and Navy. The Pacific Coast failed to place in the select group for the first time in years.

Minnesota, Duke, Notre Dame and Duquesne were unbeaten. Notre Dame, which was tied by Army, went through its first season without defeat since Knute Rockne's last year at South Bend, 1930, and its new coach, Frank Leahy, formerly of Boston College, was voted the coach of the year. He barely finished in front of Minnesota's Bernie Bierman in the poll taken of coaches throughout the country.

Oregon State, by winning the championship of the Pacific Coast Conference, in which every other member was defeated three or more times, won the right to play in the Rose Bowl game for the first time. The Corvallis Beavers invited Duke as their opponent. Following the outbreak of war between the United States and Japan, the game was transferred, for the first time, from Pasadena, Calif. to Durham, N.C. Oregon State won by the score of 20-16.

Fordham and Missouri, each beaten once, were invited to the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans. The winner was Fordham by a score of 2-0 on an early safety.

The Cotton Bowl at Dallas presented Texas A.&M., beaten once, and thrice-defeated Alabama. The game resulted in a victory for Alabama, 29-21.

In the Orange Bowl at Miami, Fla., Georgia, which lost one game and was tied in another, and Texas Christian, which was beaten twice and tied once, were the contestants. The verdict went to Georgia with a score of 40-26.

Sectional champions were as follows: Duke (Southern), Mississippi State (Southeastern), Minnesota (Big Ten), Missouri (Big Six), Tulsa (Missouri Valley), Texas A.&M. (Southwestern), Utah (Rocky Mountain) and Oregon State (Pacific Coast). Fordham was voted the Lambert Trophy as the No. 1 team of the East. Navy, which had its best season in years and lost only to Notre Dame; Duquesne, Pennsylvania, which lost only to Navy, and Harvard, which came on strong after losing its first two games, were next in order. Navy won the Ivy League honors; Harvard, the Big Three; and Williams, the Little Three.

After the first ten teams, the strongest in the country included Northwestern, Oregon State, Ohio State, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Mississippi State, Mississippi, Harvard, Tennessee, Washington State, Alabama, Stanford, Vanderbilt, Texas Christian, Washington and Penn State.

Northwestern lost three games but yet was one of the best, yielding the decision to Minnesota and Notre Dame each by only a point. Ohio State, under its new coach, Paul Brown, lost only to Northwestern. Most of the teams that were outstanding in 1940 fell upon hard days in 1941. These included Boston College and Tennessee, which had new coaches; Stanford, Cornell, Georgetown and Nebraska.

The player of the year was Minnesota's Bruce Smith. He was voted the Heisman Memorial Trophy, finishing ahead of Notre Dame's Angelo Bertelli. Virginia's Dudley, Georgia's Sinkwich, Stanford's Albert, Michigan's Westfall, Duke's Lach, and Texas' Crain were other outstanding backs. Particularly prominent among the linemen was Endicott Peabody 2d, Harvard guard.

Regardless of the gravity of the international situation, there was no let-down in interest in football and few teams lost heavily from the drafting of men for the army. It was not until the season had run its regular course that the United States was finally forced into the war by the treacherous attack of Japan. The immediate effect of this upon football was the transfer of the Rose Bowl game to Durham and of the East-West game from San Francisco to New Orleans to avert the danger of a bombing attack upon the large gatherings. Looking to the future, the effect may be the suspension of college football in 1942 if the war continues for any considerable length of time.

In 1941 there was a 4 per cent increase in attendance over 1940. The biggest crowd of the year — almost 100,000 — saw Navy defeat Army for the third year in a row in Philadelphia by a score of 14-6. There were 87,000 present when Southern California played Stanford at Los Angeles. Michigan drew 85,000 for the Minnesota game and again for the Ohio State contest. Notre Dame played to well over 400,000 for the season, drawing 76,000 with Army, 64,000 with Navy and 56,000 with Southern California, and Pennsylvania attracted 358,000 for its six home games — all of which reflects the great interest in football.

The most stunning upsets of the year were provided at the expense of Texas and Fordham. Texas, after going ahead of Minnesota for one week in the national poll, was tied by Baylor and the following week lost to Texas Christian. Fordham, after winning five games in a row, was beaten by Pittsburgh, which had dropped five in succession. Texas came back to prove its greatness by ending Texas A.&M.'s winning streak, as in 1940, with a smashing victory and then running up the staggering total of 71 points against Oregon.

There were no new offensive wrinkles in 1941 except that Syracuse, under Ossie Solem, turned its center around to pass the ball facing towards his backfield instead of towards the opponent's goal line. Many teams took up the T formation which Stanford and the Chicago Bears of the National Professional League revived so successfully in 1940. Harvard's defense caused a great deal of talk. The looping, sliding Crimson line, changing from five to six or seven man arrangements in a constantly varied defense, raised hob with the attack of most of its opponents. The new substitution rule, permitting unlimited replacements, worked out to the general satisfaction of coaches and public.

The season saw the end of Bob Zuppke's twenty-nine-year tenure as head coach at Illinois. Major Emery E. (Swede) Larson ended his successful three-year régime at Navy, to return to active duty in the service, and football lost one of its most famous coaches in the death of Howard Jones of Southern California.

Professional football shared in the general prosperity. The New York Giants won the Eastern championship and played to 55,000 in their final game with Brooklyn at the Polo Grounds. In the Western Division, the Chicago Bears, national champions in 1940, and the Green Bay Packers finished in a tie and the Bears won in the play-off in Chicago before 43,000 by 33-14. The Bears and the Giants met for the championship in Chicago and the Bears overwhelmed the Giants by a score of 37-9.

FOOTBALL SCORES

Listed below are the scores of all games played by the five top-ranking teams; and, following them, the scores of major games participated in by other leading teams. In each case the score given first belongs to that team in italics.

Minnesota: Washington, 14-6; Illinois, 34-6; Pittsburgh, 39-0; Michigan, 7-0; Northwestern, 8-7; Nebraska, 9-0; Iowa, 34-13; Wisconsin, 41-6. (Unbeaten, untied.)

Duke: Wake Forest, 43-14; Tennessee, 19-0; Maryland, 50-0; Colgate, 27-14; Pittsburgh, 27-7; Georgia Tech, 14-0; Davidson, 56-0; North Carolina, 20-0; N.C. State, 55-0. (Unbeaten, untied.)

Notre Dame: Arizona, 38-7; Indiana, 19-6; Georgia Tech, 20-0; Carnegie, 16-0; Illinois, 49-14; Army, 0-0; Navy 20-13; Northwestern, 7-6; So. California, 20-18. (Unbeaten but tied.)

Texas: Colorado, 34-6; L.S.U., 34-0; Oklahoma, 40-7; Arkansas, 48-14; Rice, 40-0; S.M.U., 34-0; Baylor, 7-7; T.C.U., 7-14; Texas A. and M., 23-0; Oregon, 71-7.

Michigan: Mich. State, 19-7; Iowa, 6-0; Pittsburgh. 40-0; Northwestern, 14-7; Minnesota, 0-7; Illinois, 20-0; Columbia, 28-0; Ohio State, 20-20.

Army: V.M.I., 27-20; Yale, 20-0; Notre Dame, 0-0; Harvard, 6-20; Navy, 6-14.

Boston College: Tulane, 7-0; Clemson, 13-26; Georgetown, 14-6; Boston U., 19-7; Holy Cross, 14-13.

Columbia: Princeton, 21-0; Army, 0-13; Pennsylvania, 16-19; Michigan, 0-28; Colgate, 21-30.

Cornell: Harvard, 7-0; Navy, 0-14; Yale, 21-7; Dartmouth, 33-19; Pennsylvania, 0-16.

Dartmouth: Amherst, 47-7; Harvard, 0-7; Yale, 7-0; Princeton, 20-13; Georgia, 0-35.

Duquesne: Manhattan, 26-7; Marquette, 31-14; St. Mary's, 9-0; Miss. State, 16-0. (Unbeaten, untied.)

Fordham: S.M.U., 16-10; T.C.U., 28-14; Purdue, 17-0; Pittsburgh, 0-13; N.Y.U., 30-9.

Harvard: Pennsylvania, 0-19; Dartmouth, 7-0; Navy, 0-0; Princeton, 6-4; Army, 20-0; Yale, 14-0.

Missouri: Ohio State, 7-12; Iowa State, 39-13; Nebraska, 6-0; Michigan State, 19-0; N.Y.U., 26-0.

Navy: Harvard, 0-0; Lafayette, 41-2; Notre Dame, 13-20; Princeton, 23-0; Army, 14-6.

N.Y.U.: Lafayette, 6-0; Texas A. and M., 7-49; Penn State, 0-42; Tulane, 0-45; Fordham, 9-30.

Oregon State: So. California, 7-13; Stanford, 10-0; U.C.L.A., 19-0; California, 6-0; Oregon, 12-7.

Pennsylvania: Harvard, 19-0; Yale, 28-13; Princeton, 23-0; Navy, 6-13; Army, 14-7.

Princeton: Columbia, 0-21; Harvard, 4-6; Dartmouth, 13-20; Yale, 20-6; Navy, 0-23.

Stanford: Oregon, 19-15; U.C.L.A., 33-0; So. California, 13-0; Wash. State, 13-14; California, 0-16.

Yale: Army, 7-20; Dartmouth, 0-7; Brown, 0-7; Princeton, 6-20; Harvard, 0-14.

1940: Football

College football continued to hold big favor with the public and to maintain its high standard of play in 1940 in spite of the fact that the country was seriously concerned with the war in Europe, problems of our own national defense, conscription, and a torrid presidential election. The same held true for professional football. Possibly 1941 will be a different story, since the draft is likely to take away a good many players, but during the past year football had clear sailing through a season marked by huge crowds, thrilling games and a number of 'boners' in the enforcement of the rules by officials.

The leading college teams of the year as ranked in a national poll were Minnesota, Stanford, Michigan, Tennessee, Boston College, Texas A. & M., Nebraska, Northwestern, Mississippi State and Washington. Minnesota, Stanford, Tennessee and Boston College won all their games, as also did Lafayette.

Michigan, whose Tom Harmon broke the 15-year-old scoring record of Red Grange and was chosen as the outstanding player of the year, lost only to Minnesota and by the thin margin of a point after touchdown. Texas A. & M. was the victim of a stunning reversal in its final game with Texas. That defeat ended a winning streak that had continued through nineteen games and cost the Aggies an invitation to play in the Rose Bowl.

Nebraska lost its opening game to Minnesota and then won all others, to capture the Big Six crown and get the call to play in the Rose Bowl with Stanford. Northwestern lost to Minnesota, by a point, and to Michigan. Mississippi State was unbeaten but tied by Auburn and was invited to play in the Orange Bowl, and Washington lost to Minnesota and Stanford.

Cornell and Notre Dame were two teams that ranked among the best in the country only to crash from their high station near the end of the campaign. Cornell, which was ranked the No. 1 team of the country for four successive weeks, lost to Dartmouth in the most shocking setback of the year, its first defeat in nineteen games.

The circumstances of that defeat were unprecedented. Cornell scored a touchdown on a forward pass on the last play of the game at Hanover, N. H., and apparently won by the score of 7 to 3. Two days after the game, however, it was definitely established that the pass had been scored on an illegal fifth down.

The referee, W. H. Friesell, admitted his mistake, whereupon Cornell, on its own initiative, conceded the victory to Dartmouth by the score of 3-0. This was the first time on record that the score of a game was reversed, and because the illegal play came on the last play of the game, the reversal was accepted as official. Following that history-making episode, Cornell lost its final game with Pennsylvania after leading by 13-0, Frank Reagan leading Penn out of the hole to victory with one of the season's most brilliant individual performances.

Notre Dame, fancied to have its best team since Knute Rockne's days at South Bend, revealed weaknesses in barely eking out victory over Army and Navy and then lost to Iowa and Northwestern.

Stanford was the surprise team of the year and its coach, Clark Shaughnessy, was the coach of the year. In 1939 Stanford won only one game and Shaughnessy's Chicago eleven was crushed by all its opponents in the Big Ten. Football was abandoned as an intercollegiate sport at Chicago, and Shaughnessy went to Stanford to succeed Tiny Thornhill. To every one's amazement, Stanford proceeded to defeat all the big teams on the Pacific Coast, ended the season without a defeat or a tie and won the conference championship and the Rose Bowl award. The Cardinals met Nebraska at Pasadena on New Year's Day and climaxed their brilliant season by winning with the score of 21-13.

Tennessee, which won all the games on its regular schedule for the third season in a row and carried off the Southeastern crown again, faced Boston College, the No. 1 team of the East, in the Sugar Bowl at New Orleans. In an exciting game, victory went to Boston College with a score of 19-13.

Georgetown, which lost to Boston College by the margin of a point in one of the outstanding games of the year, marking its first defeat since 1937, played Mississippi State in the Orange Bowl at Miami and lost by the score of 14-7.

The Cotton Bowl in Dallas presented Fordham and Texas A. & M. The New Yorkers, the first team from Gotham to engage in a bowl game since Columbia went to the Rose Bowl to upset Stanford on New Year's Day, 1934, had their best offensive team of Jim Crowley's regime and lost only to St. Mary's of California during the regular season. The game at Dallas resulted in a close victory for Texas A. & M. by the score of 13-12.

Other sectional titles were won by Minnesota (Big Ten), Clemson (Southern), Utah (Rocky Mountain), Tulsa (Missouri Valley). Texas A. & M. and Southern Methodist shared the Southwest crown. Pennsylvania succeeded Cornell as the champion of the Ivy League. Williams was the Little Three champion, Lafayette, the Middle Three, and Harvard and Princeton shared the Big Three honors.

The record crowd of the year was drawn by the Army-Navy game. The midshipmen defeated the cadets by 14-0 before 102,000 in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium. Penn and Cornell attracted 80,000 to Franklin Field, and the same number saw Stanford defeat California at Berkeley. Army and Notre Dame played to 78,000 at the Polo Grounds and 73,000 saw Harmon, the winner of the Heisman Trophy, wind up his varsity career with a last dazzling exhibition against Ohio State in Columbus. Notre Dame played before almost half a million spectators in nine games and Penn was not far under this figure for eight games.

The East and the Middle West led in attendance gains, as well as in the number of strong teams. Boston College, Cornell, Georgetown, Penn, Fordham, Penn State, which lost only one game; Navy, Lafayette, Colgate, Temple, Princeton, Harvard, Columbia, Dartmouth, Syracuse, Pittsburgh and Duquesne all played good football in the East, though some of them got off to bad starts. In the Middle West, Minnesota, Michigan, Northwestern, Nebraska, Notre Dame, Ohio State, Iowa, Purdue, Wisconsin, Michigan State, Oklahoma, Indiana and Detroit all were virile.

In the South, besides Tennessee and Mississippi State, the strong teams were Mississippi, Alabama, Duke, Tulane, L. S. U., Auburn, North Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Texas A. & M., S. M. U., Rice and Texas stood out in the Southwest. On the Pacific Coast the best were Stanford, Washington, Santa Clara, California, Oregon State, Southern California, St. Mary's and Oregon.

There were no marked strategic trends in football in 1940 and no new departures offensively or defensively. The forward pass figured heavily in the scoring. The leading passers included Allerdice of Princeton, O'Rourke of Boston College, Supulski of Manhattan, Christman of Missouri, Hursh of Indiana, Filipowicez of Fordham, Pugh of Texas A. & M., Kopcik of Georgetown and McCullough of Cornell.

Professional football continued to enjoy big favor. There were 55,000 at the Polo Grounds for the meeting between New York and Brooklyn, and three hours after the box office in Washington was opened for the play-off between the champions of the Eastern and Western Divisions, the game was sold out.

The Washington Redskins and the Chicago Bears met for the national title and the Redskins were massacred by 73 to 0, the worst drubbing in the history of the play-off.

Brooklyn finished as runner up to Washington in the Eastern Division, a tribute to the coaching of Dr. Jock Sutherland, serving his first year in professional football, and to Ace Parker, as great a player in the professional ranks as was Harmon in college competition.

Davey O'Brien closed out his football career with the Philadelphia Eagles with his greatest exhibition of passing. No less than thirty-three of his aerials were completed against Washington. O'Brien hung up his moleskins to join the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

FOOTBALL SCORES

Listed below are the scores of all games played by the five top-ranking teams; and, following them, the scores of major games participated in by other leading teams. In each case the score given first belongs to that team in italics.

Minnesota: Washington, 19-14; Nebraska, 13-7; Ohio State, 13-7; Iowa, 34-6; Northwestern, 13-12; Michigan, 7-6; Purdue, 33-6; Wisconsin, 22-13. (Games played — 8, games won — 8, Score for — 154, against — 71.)

Stanford: San Francisco, 27-0; Oregon, 13-0; Santa Clara, 7-0; Washington State, 26-14; Southern California, 21-7; U.C.L.A., 20-14; Washington, 20-10; Oregon State, 28-14; California, 13-7; Nebraska, 21-13. (Games played — 10, games won — 10, Score for — 196, against — 85.)

Michigan: California, 41-0; Michigan State, 21-14; Harvard, 26-0; Illinois, 28-0; Pennsylvania, 14-0; Minnesota, 6-7; Northwestern, 20-13; Ohio State, 40-13. (Games played — 8, games won — 7, games lost — 1. Score for — 196, against — 34.)

Tennessee: Mercer, 49-0; Duke, 13-0; Chattanooga, 53-0; Alabama, 27-12; Florida, 14-0; L.S.U., 12-0; S.W. Tennessee, 40-0; Virginia, 41-14; Kentucky, 33-0; Vanderbilt, 20-0; Boston College, 13-19. (Games played — 11, games won — 10, games lost — 1. Score for — 331, against — 45.)

Boston College: Centre, 40-0; Tulane, 27-7; Temple, 33-20; Idaho, 60-0; St. Anselm, 55-0; Manhattan, 25-0; Boston University, 21-0; Georgetown, 19-18; Auburn, 33-7; Holy Cross, 7-0; Tennessee, 19-13. (Games played — 11, won — 11. Score for — 339, against 65.)

Army: Cornell, 0-45; Harvard, 6-6; Notre Dame, 0-7; Princeton, 19-26; Navy, 0-14.

Colgate: Cornell, 0-34; Brown, 20-3; Holy Cross, 6-0; Syracuse, 7-6; Columbia, 17-20.

Columbia: Dartmouth, 20-6; Syracuse, 0-3; Cornell, 0-27; Navy, 0-0; Colgate, 20-7; Brown, 0-0.

Cornell: Colgate, 34-0; Army, 15-0; Columbia, 27-0; Yale, 21-0; Dartmouth, 0-3; Pennsylvania, 20-22.

Dartmouth: Columbia, 6-20; Yale, 7-13; Harvard, 7-6; Princeton, 9-14; Cornell, 3-0; Brown, 20-6.

Fordham: Tulane, 20-7; Pittsburgh, 24-12; St. Mary's, 6-9; Purdue, 13-7; N. Y. U., 26-0.

Harvard: Amherst, 13-0; Michigan, 0-26; Army, 6-6; Dartmouth, 6-7; Princeton, 0-0; Yale, 28-0.

Navy: Princeton, 12-6; Yale, 21-0; Pennsylvania, 0-20; Notre Dame, 7-13; Army, 14-0.

Nebraska: Minnesota, 7-13; Missouri, 20-7; Pittsburgh, 9-7; Kansas State, 20-0; Stanford, 13-21.

N. Y. U.: Lafayette, 7-9; Syracuse, 13-47; Holy Cross, 7-13; Penn State, 0-25; Fordham, 0-26.

Northwestern: Wisconsin, 27-7; Minnesota, 12-13; Illinois, 32-14; Michigan, 13-20; Notre Dame, 20-0.

Notre Dame: Illinois, 26-0; Army, 7-0; Navy, 13-7; Iowa, 0-7; Northwestern, 0-20.

Pennsylvania: Yale, 50-7; Princeton, 46-28; Michigan, 0-14; Navy, 20-0; Harvard, 10-10; Army, 48-0; Cornell, 22-20.

Pittsburgh: Ohio State, 7-30; Missouri, 19-13; Fordham, 12-24; Nebraska, 7-9; Duke, 7-12.

Princeton: Navy, 6-12; Pennsylvania, 28-46; Harvard, 0-0; Dartmouth, 14-9; Yale, 10-7; Army, 26-19.

Texas A. and M.: U.C.L.A., 7-0; Baylor, 14-7; Arkansas, 17-0; Southern Methodist, 19-7; Texas, 0-7.

Yale: Pennsylvania, 7-50; Dartmouth, 13-7; Navy, 0-21; Brown, 2-6; Princeton, 7-10; Harvard, 0-28.

1939: Football

Football continued to hold its place in 1939 as one of the most popular of American sports. Both the college and professional games drew larger crowds than in 1938, with the professionals making the larger gain. The biggest crowd to see a professional football contest since 1925 watched the New York Giants defeat the Washington Redskins in New York for the Eastern championship before going to Milwaukee to lose the national title to the Green Bay Packers, Western champions.

But the largest professional crowd was only half the size of the record turnouts for intercollegiate football. Southern California and the University of California at Los Angeles (U.C.L.A.) played to 103,000, and Army and Navy drew 102,000 in Philadelphia. The gain in attendance at collegiate football was slight for the country as a whole; but Notre Dame attracted half a million spectators to its nine games, and there was a big rise in the South.

It was in the South that most of the strongest teams of the season were developed, though the East and the Pacific Coasts presented two of the highest ranked elevens. Top-ranking teams at the end of the regular season were Texas A. and M., Tennessee, Southern California, Cornell and Tulane. Texas A. and M., Tennessee and Cornell won all their games; Southern California was tied twice and Tulane once. In their last games on New Year's Day, however, Tennessee and Tulane lost, breaking their perfect records.

Tennessee achieved during the season a remarkable record. It shut out the opposition in the first 10 of its games and ran up its winning streak to 23 games, in the last 15 of which it yielded not a point. Cornell went through its first all-victorious season since 1923 and boosted the prestige of Eastern and particularly 'Ivy League' football by defeating Ohio State for one of the red-letter victories of the year. The champion team of the Big Ten was Ohio State. The other sectional champions were: Southern California (Pacific Coast), Missouri (Big Six), Texas A. and M. (Southwest), Tennessee, Tulane and Georgia Tech (triple tie for the Southeastern), and Duke and Clemson (tie for the Southern). Cornell was ranked unofficial champion of the East and of the 'Ivy League,' and Princeton the champion of the Big Three.

On New Year's Day Southern California and Tennessee played in the Rose Bowl at Pasadena; Texas A. and M. and Tulane in the Sugar Bowl at New Orleans; Georgia Tech and Missouri in the Orange Bowl at Miami; Clemson and Boston College in the Cotton Bowl at Dallas; and Arizona State of Tempe and Catholic University of Wash. in the Sun Bowl at El Paso. The winning teams were: Southern California, Texas A. and M., Clemson, and Georgia Tech. Arizona State and Catholic U. tied with no score.

After the five top-ranking teams mentioned, the elevens standing highest in a national poll were Missouri, U.C.L.A. (unbeaten but tied four times), Duke, Iowa, and Duquesne (unbeaten but tied once). Next came Boston College, Clemson, Notre Dame, Santa Clara, Ohio State, Georgia Tech, Fordham, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Michigan.

Iowa was the surprise team of the season. For years a doormat in the Big Ten, the Hawkeyes had a remarkable rise under their new coach, Dr. Edward Anderson, who came from Holy Cross. They lost only one game, came within a point of tying Ohio State for the Big Ten crown and beat Notre Dame and Minnesota. Dr. Anderson was chosen as the coach who had done the best job of the year, with Carl Snavely of Cornell as his closest rival. Nile Kinnick, who played in six games without relief and repeatedly saved the day for the Hawkeyes with his passes, was awarded the Heisman Trophy for the 'player of the year.' Tom Harmon of Michigan, George Cafego of Tennessee and Paul Christman, Missouri's great passer, were other outstanding players.

The chief surprise of the season was the victory of Illinois over Michigan. Michigan was favored to win the Big Ten title and was expected to run over Illinois, but the Illinoisans stopped the great Harmon and won a victory that was judged the biggest upset in all 1930 sport. Cornell's triumph over Ohio State, after trailing by 14-0, was another of the major reversals.

It was a bad year for teams that habitually have stood among leaders. Texas Christian, ranked first or second in 1938, and Rice were both in the doldrums in the Southwest. California and Stanford met defeat repeatedly on the Pacific Coast, and Pittsburgh and Carnegie, which was the 1938 leader of the East, had bad years. Pittsburgh played for the first season in many years without Dr. Jock Sutherland as its head coach.

No one team stood out above all others in 1939, though Tennessee at one stage of the season was regarded as the greatest college team in many years, if not of all time. The blocking and tackling of the Volunteers were nothing less than devastating, with the great pair of guards Molinski and Suffridge leading the way; and in George Cafego, Major Robert Neyland probably had potentially the best running back of the year in the South with the possible exception of Banks McFadden of Clemson. Injuries hit Tennessee after it had trampled Alabama and Louisiana State; and Cafego was able to play only two minutes in the last three games, while Suffridge was below par with a damaged knee.

Texas A. and M. began to grow in favor, once misfortune struck the Volunteers, and it stayed at the top. Cornell and Southern California won more and more votes in the weekly rating polls, and Tulane came on despite a tie with North Carolina, one of the strong teams of the South.

Indicative of the conservative trend of the year, these top-ranking elevens were largely power teams with the exception of Cornell, which had one of the season's most brilliant forward-passing attacks, as well as one of the strongest defenses against the pass, and faultless generalship and blocking that compared with Tennessee's. The 1939 season saw little use of the lateral pass; and while there was no curtailment in the use of the forward pass, it did not play as large a role in the attacks of the leaders as it had done in previous years.

Tulane was loath to throw the ball, preferring to run and exploit its grinding power. Tennessee did not go into the air often, while Southern California's offense was well-balanced between passing and running. Texas A. and M., representative of the section that has given more emphasis to the pass than any other, was more of a running than a passing team, with the powerful Kimbrough as its spearhead. Ohio State depended largely upon its power plays, though it had a brilliant passer and struck through the air to defeat Minnesota.

The conservative trend is a healthy sign. It does not mean that the pass is on the wane — far from it. The pass is one of football's most attractive features; and the coaches, the players and the public are all for it. But there was a danger that the pass might be emphasized so much that other features of the game would be sacrificed until football lost its basic character. This was particularly true when the lateral was getting so much play and publicity. The lateral trend has fallen off definitely and the virtues of running, blocking and power ahead of the ball have been reestablished and vindicated by the results of the past season. Stabilized as it is today, with its blending of power, finesse, speed and deception, football is the perfect game; and the reluctance with which the lawmakers make even the slightest change in the code is a happy augury for its future. Not the least encouraging aspect of 1939 was the fact that the number of serious injuries dropped appreciably, and a definite trend set in towards correcting the abuses connected with the payment of players. The self-respecting colleges, which permit a player to receive help only so long as he works to earn it and remains a student in good standing are banding together more and more for their own protection. The time will come when the others will have to keep step or find themselves out in the cold.

FOOTBALL SCORES

Listed below are the scores of all games played by the five top-ranking teams: and, following them, the scores of major games participated in by other leading teams. In each case the score given first belongs to that team in italics.

Texas A. and M.: Okla. A. and M., 32-0; Centenary, 14-0; Santa Clara, 7-3; Villanova, 33-7; T.C.U., 20-6; Arkansas, 27-0; Baylor, 20-0; So. Methodist, 6-2; Rice, 19-0; Texas, 20-0; Tulane, 14-13. (Games played — 11, games won — 11. Score for — 212, against — 31.)

Tennessee: N.C. State, 13-0; Sewanee, 40-0; Chattanooga 28-0; Alabama, 21-0; Mercer, 17-0; La. State, 20-0; The Citadel, 34-0; Vanderbilt, 13-0; Kentucky, 19-0; Auburn, 7-0; So. Calif., 0-14. (Games played — 11, games won — 10, games lost — 1. Score for — 212, against — 14.)

Southern California: Oregon, 7-7; Wash. State, 27-0; Illinois, 26-0; Calif., 26-0; Oregon State, 19-7; Stanford, 33-0; Notre Dame, 20-12; Washington, 9-7; U.C.L.A., 0-0; Tenn., 14-0. (Games played — 10, won — 8, tied — 2. Score for — 181, against — 33.)

Cornell: Syracuse, 19-6; Princeton, 20-7; Penn State, 47-0; Ohio State, 23-14; Columbia, 13-7; Colgate, 14-12; Dartmouth, 35-6; Penn, 26-0. (Games played — 8, won — 8, lost — 0. Score for — 197, against — 52.)

Tulane: Clemson, 7-6; Auburn, 12-0; Fordham, 7-0; No. Carolina, 14-14; Mississippi, 18-6; Alabama, 13-0; Columbia, 25-0; Sewanee, 52-0; La. State, 33-20; Texas A. and M., 13-14. (Games played — 10, won — 8, tied — 1, lost — 1. Score for — 194, against — 60.)

Army: Columbia, 6-6; Yale, 15-20; Notre Dame, 0-14; Harvard, 0-15; Penn State, 14-14; Navy, 0-10.

Colgate: Duke, 0-37; St. Lawrence, 31-0; Cornell, 12-14; Syracuse, 0-7; Columbia, 0-0.

Columbia: Yale, 7-10; Army, 6-6; Princeton, 7-14; Cornell, 7-13; Navy, 19-13; Tulane, 0-25; Colgate, 0-0.

Dartmouth: St. Lawrence, 41-9; Navy, 0-0; Harvard, 16-0; Yale, 33-0; Princeton, 7-9; Cornell, 6-35.

Fordham: Alabama, 7-7; Tulane, 0-7; Indiana, 13-0; N.Y.U., 18-7.

Georgia Tech: Notre Dame, 14-17; Auburn, 7-6; Duke, 6-7; Alabama, 6-0.

Harvard: Penn, 7-22; Dartmouth, 0-16; Princeton, 6-9; Army, 15-0; Yale, 7-20.

Michigan: Mich. State, 26-13; Yale, 27-7; Penn, 19-17; Ohio State, 21-14.

Minnesota: Nebraska, 0-6; Purdue, 13-13; Ohio State, 20-23; Northwestern, 7-14; Michigan, 20-7; Iowa, 9-13.

Navy: Dartmouth, 0-0; Notre Dame, 7-14; Clemson, 7-15; Penn, 6-13; Columbia, 13-19; Princeton, 0-28; Army, 10-0.

Northwestern: Ohio State, 0-13; Purdue, 0-3; Notre Dame, 0-7; Iowa, 7-7.

Notre Dame: Purdue, 3-0; Georgia Tech, 17-14; Navy, 14-7; Army, 14-0; Iowa, 6-7; Northwestern, 7-0; So. California, 12-20.

N.Y.U.: Colgate, 7-6; No. Carolina, 7-14; Carnegie Tech, 6-0; Georgia, 14-13; Lafayette, 14-0; Missouri, 7-20; Georgetown, 0-14.

Pennsylvania: Yale, 6-0; Harvard, 22-7; Navy, 13-6; Penn State, 0-10; Michigan, 17-19; Cornell, 0-26.

Penn State: Cornell, 0-47; Syracuse, 6-6; Penn, 10-0; Army, 14-14; Pittsburgh, 10-0.

Pittsburgh: Washington, 27-6; W. Virginia, 20-0; Duke, 14-13; Duquesne, 13-21; Fordham, 13-27; Carnegie Tech, 6-0; Nebraska, 13-14; Penn State, 0-10.

Princeton: Cornell, 7-20; Columbia, 14-7; Harvard, 9-6; Dartmouth, 9-7; Yale, 13-7; Navy, 28-0.

Stanford: Oregon State, 0-12; Oregon, 0-10; U.C.L.A., 14-14; Washington, 5-8; So. Calif., 0-33; Wash. State, 0-7; Calif., 14-32; Dartmouth, 14-13.

Yale: Columbia, 10-7; Penn, 0-6; Army, 20-15; Michigan, 7-27; Dartmouth, 0-33; Brown, 14-14; Princeton, 7-13; Harvard, 20-7.

Soccer Football.

See SOCCER.

1938: Football

Attendance.

Football in the United States in 1938 enjoyed one of the most prosperous years in its history. Both the intercollegiate and professional teams played before record crowds, confirming once again that this sport is second to none in its popularity with the American public.

No official figures are available on the total of people who witness college football throughout the country, but some idea of the vastness of the number may be gained from the fact that Notre Dame played before almost a half-million spectators in the course of nine games. On one Saturday four contests in the East each attracted 70,000 or more. An all-time record for the South was set when 52,000 gathered for the meeting between Duke and Pittsburgh at Durham, N. C., and the Pittsburgh-Fordham game was played before 75,800, the largest turnout for any sporting event in the history of Pittsburgh.

The largest crowd of the year attended the Army-Navy game, when more than 102,000 people sat in the Philadelphia Municipal Stadium in freezing weather to see this Service event. When Notre Dame and Southern California played at Los Angeles, there were 101,000 present; Southern California and California drew 95,000, California and Stanford, 82,000, and Michigan and Northwestern, 80,000.

Professional football had an even more gratifying response from the public, though it does not attract the numbers that does the collegiate game.

Outstanding College Teams and Games.

The outstanding college teams of the year, as voted in a nation-wide poll, were Texas Christian University, Tennessee, and Duke. Together with these three, Oklahoma also won all of its scheduled games and a high ranking. Notre Dame was generally rated as the leading eleven of the season until it met with unexpected defeat in its final contest against Southern California, another of the best. In addition to these six. Carnegie Tech, Pittsburgh, Southern California. Holy Cross, Minnesota, Alabama, Michigan and Cornell had great strength, and Villanova, Northwestern, California, Tulane, Santa Clara, St. Mary's, Texas Tech, Fordham. Army and Dartmouth also stood out. Pittsburgh was ranked ahead of all others until it met with stunning defeat at the hands of Carnegie Tech.

Minnesota again won the Western Conference championship. Southern California and California shared the Pacific Coast title. Texas Christian University won the Southwestern honors: Tennessee, the Southeastern; Duke, the Southern; and Oklahoma, the Big Six (for the first time). Carnegie Tech was voted the leading team of the East. Cornell won the Ivy League honors, Harvard came out on top in the Big Three, Amherst in the Little Three, and Rutgers in the Middle Three.

Southern California and Duke played before 91,000 in the Rose Bowl at Pasadena, Calif., on January 2, 1939, the former winning on a forward pass in the last minute of the game, 7 to 3. Texas Christian defeated Carnegie Tech in the Sugar Bowl at New Orleans by the score of 15 to 7, and Tennessee won from Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl at Miami. Fla., 17 to 0. In the Cotton Bowl at Dallas, Tex., St. Mary's prevailed over Texas Tech, 20 to 13.

Outstanding Players.

David O'Brien of Texas Christian University was voted the Heisman Memorial Trophy as the outstanding college player of the year. Marshall Goldberg of Pittsburgh, Robert MacLeod of Dartmouth and Sidney Luckman of Columbia also won nation-wide acclaim. Other shining lights were Ki Aldrich of Texas Christian University, Vic Bottari of California, Ralph Heikkinen of Michigan, Edward Beinor of Notre Dame, Roland Young of Oklahoma, Bowden Wyatt and George Cafego of Tennessee, Sidney Roth, William McKeever and Jerome Holland of Cornell, Bill Osmanski and Joe Delancy of Holy Cross. Parker Hall of Mississippi and Harry Smith of Southern California; also, John Pingel, of Michigan State, Dan Hill and Eric Tipton of Duke, Ray Carnelly of Carnegie. Alvord Wolff of Santa Clara. Howard Weiss of Wisconsin, John Wysocki of Villanova, Robert Suffridge of Tennessee. Granny Lansdell of Southern California, Edward Bock of Iowa State. Francis Twedell of Minnesota, Lou Brock of Purduc. Bill Daddio and Harold Stebbins of Pittsburgh and Billy Patterson of Baylor.

Style of Playing.

There were no new developments in the style of college football. The trend was generally towards more conservative football in the restricted use of the lateral pass and of the five-man line. At the same time, there was more scoring. The forward pass was a vital factor in the success of most of the leading teams. The field goal was more in evidence than it has been in some years and the trend towards 'controlled' punting to the sidelines continued. The two changes in the rules, eliminating the penalty for a pass thrown into the end zone prior to the fourth down, and bringing the ball out fifteen yards from the sideline instead of ten when it crosses the sideline between the goal lines, worked out to the general satisfaction. They were responsible in part for the high scoring averages registered.

There was an unusual number of exceptional forward passers. These included: Luckman of Columbia, O'Brien of Texas Christian University, Patterson of Baylor, Cahill of Holy Cross, Lain of Rice, Pingel of Michigan State, Hall of Mississippi and Lansdell of Southern California.

The year was a highly successful one, not only for varsity college football but also for 150-pound elevens and also for six-man teams. The increase in the number of six-man teams was particularly noticeable, though the interest of the public is almost entirely in the eleven-man teams.

Professional Football.

The New York Giants won the championship of the National Football League. After defeating the Washington Redskins, champions in 1937, for the Eastern Division honors, they overcame the Green Bay Packers, Western champions, in one of the most thrilling games of football New York has ever seen.

The professional brand of football has taken a big hold on the fancy of the public. The liberal use of the forward pass, which may be made from any point behind the line of scrimmage under professional rules, and the frequency with which long field goals are kicked through the uprights stationed on the goal line, add to the popularity of the league games. The excellence of the blocking and the fierceness of the tackling also are factors in their appeal.

Among the leading professional players of the year were Hein, Danowski, Widseth Cuff, Leemans and Dell Isola of the New York Giants, Hutson, Hinkle, Letlow, Isbell and Gantenbein of Green Bay, Fortmann, Stydahar, Bausch and Musso of the Chicago Bears, Edwards, Karcher and Baugh of the Washington Redskins, Parker and Kinnard of the Brooklyn Dodgers, L. Cardwell and Shepherd of the Detroit Lions, G. Tinsley and Blazins of the Chicago Cardinals, Hewitt and Carter of the Philadelphia Eagles, White and Gentry of the Pittsburgh Pirates and Drake and Benton of the Cleveland Rams.

Football in Canada.

Across the border in Canada, the Dominion variety of football, too, had a big year. A record crowd of 18,486 people paid to see the Canadian Rugby Union final, in which the Toronto Argonauts won the Canadian football championship for the second successive year. Led by the remarkable Buster Storey, the Argos scored four touchdowns in the final quarter to defeat the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, 30-7, in the East-West play-off at Toronto on December 10.

The game was acclaimed as the finest football spectacle ever seen in the Dominion, and the Argonauts as one of the strongest teams ever developed there. The Argos had won the championship of the East by crushing the Sarnia Imperials, while the Bombers withstood the challenge of the Regina Roughriders and the Calgary Bronks to take the title in the West.

The Canadian game has adopted numerous features of the American code in recent years, particularly forward passing, and long-distance kicking plays a prominent part in the attack. Kicking won the title for the Argos in 1937; but it was their running attack that ruined the Bombers in 1938.

McGill won the championship of the Canadian Intercollegiate Rugby Football Union for the first time in ten years. No small factors in its success were its forward passing and its strong line play.

Rugby.

Rugby, the game from which American football stems, continued to have a big vogue in England, and a team from Cambridge University came over again for a series of matches with college and all-star teams. The Cantabs were much too good for the Americans, running up 221 points to 6 for their opponents in six games. Rugby has not been making much headway in the United States, although Americans admire the beautiful three-quarter passing movement and the dexterous kicking of the British game, which is played with an informality that adds to its appeal. They miss the hard blocking and tackling and spectacular forward passing, which are largely responsible for the tremendous popularity of football. See also SOCCER.