1942: Arizona

Area and Population.

Arizona, the Grand Canyon state, is the youngest state in the Union. It was admitted Feb. 13, 1912. It ranks fifth in area, with 113,909 sq. mi.; and forty-fourth in population with 499,261 inhabitants. Phoenix, the capital and principal city, has a population of 65,414, Tucson, 36,819; Douglas now has 8,623; Prescott, 6,018; Bisbee, 5,853, and Flagstaff, 5,080. Of the state's white population of 426,792, approximately one-fifth are of Spanish-Mexican descent. Other racial groups are Indians, 55,076; Negroes, 14,993; Chinese, 1,449; and Japanese, 632.

Education.

With a school-age population of 193,006, the latest available figures show an enrollment in Arizona's 344 elementary and 59 high schools respectively of 88,565 and 22,864 pupils. A total of 3,270 teachers receive a maximum salary of $3,275 and a minimum of $780 — an average for elementary teachers of $1,420, and for high-school teachers of $1,890.

Under the terms of an initiative measure approved by the voters at the 1940 general election, providing for a state levy of $65 per common school pupil and $95 per high school student, practically the entire cost of operation of elementary and high schools is now borne by the state. Highlights of the educational program for 1941-42 were rehabilitation work and vocational training for war industries.

Minerals.

Production of 665,500,000 pounds of copper, or about 35 per cent of the nation's total, in 1941, and a greatly accelerated output in 1942, won for nine of the largest copper-producing units an October award of the Army-Navy War Production Board 'E' pennant. The outstanding development in the copper industry for the year was the inauguration of full-scale operations at the mammoth open-pit development of the Phelps Dodge Corporation at Morenci. Abandoned as a major underground producer ten years ago, when the high-grade ore was exhausted, mountains were later removed to uncover a quarter-billion tons clay deposit containing one per cent copper. The total value of minerals mined in 1941, including copper, silver, gold, lead and zinc, was $100,000,000.

Agriculture.

Despite great difficulty in securing farm labor, agriculture kept step in 1942 with the war tempo. Against a total of 181,000 bales of cotton in 1941, the estimated production in 1942 was 220,000 bales, including 59,000 bales of Pima (Egyptian) long-staple used in the manufacture of parachutes, parachute harness, barrage balloons and many items of war matériel. Alfalfa hay, a leading farm product, was valued at $4,000,000, and alfalfa seed at $1,000,000. About 3,000 tons of sugar-beet seed were harvested. The spring crop of vegetables totaled more than 10,000 carloads of lettuce, more than 5,000 carloads of cantaloupes and honey dew melons, and 1,000 carloads of carrots and other bunch vegetables. For the 1941-42 season, ended July 31, the production of grapefruit was 3,196,083 packed boxes, and of oranges approximately a half million.

On the farms, ranches and ranges, as of January 1942, there were about 1,000,000 head of beef cattle, 50,000 milk cows, 53,000 hogs, 70,000 chickens, 21,000 turkeys, 770,000 sheep, and 220,000 goats — in every instance an increase over the previous year. The wool clip for 1942 was 4,500,000 lb., and of mohair approximately 1,000,000.

Lumber.

The notable industries of the state include lumber. Arizona, the leading producer of softwood pine in the southern Rocky Mountains, had a 1941 output of above 130,000,000 board feet. The manufacture of airplane parts, and aluminum fabrication are among the younger industries.

Legislation.

A special session of the Legislature was held from April 6 to 25, to consider the war program proposed by the Governor. Of the twenty-four bills passed and approved by the chief executive, the most important dealt with the creation of a civilian defense board and council; curbing of war-time theft of rationed articles; setting speed limits on highways; provision of land for airports and fields; abatement of health menaces near military encampments. Of non-war measures, legislation for the benefit of the State Hospital for the insane was the principal item.

Events of the Year.

The outstanding events in Arizona in 1942 were related to the war effort. A number of important military establishments were set up and existing ones enlarged. Several plants for the manufacture of essential war matériel were erected and production begun. Extensive Japanese residential centers were located at Poston and Rivers, with populations of 18,000 and 15,000 respectively. Organizations of citizens were formed for the carrying on of activities embraced within the national defense program. The State Council of Defense, organized in 1941 by proclamation of the Governor, was provided with funds, and effectively organized.

The 1942 primary and general elections caused less than the usual excitement, due to war interests and the absence of many voters in the service. The primary election brought out 59 per cent of registered voters, and the general election but 50 per cent. For the governorship, Governor Sidney P. Osborn, incumbent, carried all counties over Jerrie W. Lee, his Republican opponent, and Charles R. Osburn, Prohibition candidate. A field of eighteen aspirants for two Democratic nominations for Representative in Congress was led by the incumbent Congressman John R. Murdock, and Richard F. Harless, both elected. Secretary of State Harry M. Moore, an unusually popular official, who had been elected to succeed himself for his third term, died suddenly on Nov. 20, following an emergency operation for appendicitis. His chief deputy, Dan E. Garvey, was appointed his successor.

Finances.

The state's financial condition, both private and public, was good in 1942. Deposits in the five national and seven state banks, as of June 30, marked an increase of more than 20 per cent, to $122,530,060.37. Business was on the up-grade, as reflected in increased revenue from the sales tax of 21 per cent, the luxury tax of 18 per cent, and the motor vehicle fuel tax of 10 per cent. Labor was profitably employed, as disclosed by a reduction in unemployment benefit payments of almost 50 per cent. State, county and municipal tax rates were substantially reduced: state rates, per $100 of property valuation, from $1.67 in 1941 to $1.26 in 1942; county rates an average of 25 per cent; and municipal rates proportionately. Total property valuations rose by $19,647,202, to $406,253,674. Legislative appropriations for the operation of the state government, and including institutions of higher learning, totalled $5,177,231.32. State appropriations for elementary and high schools was $6,130,255. Expenditures for highways, financed through motor-vehicle fuel and license taxes, amounted to $6,877,317.34, supplemented by $1,822,144.58 Federal aid. State expenditures for social welfare, including old-age assistance to 9,499 persons, amounted to $3,787,037.33.

State Officers.

Governor, Sidney P. Osborn; Secretary of State, Dan E. Garvey; Treasurer, James D. Brush; Auditor, Ana Frohmiller; Attorney-General, Joe Conway; Superintendent of Public Instruction, E. D. Ring.

United States Senators:

Carl Hayden, Ernest W. McFarland.

1941: Arizona

Area and Population.

Admitted to statehood Feb. 14, 1912, Arizona ranks fifth in size among the states, with an area of 113,909 sq. mi., including 329 sq. mi. of inland water surface, according to remeasurements of the United States undertaken for the 16th census in 1940. In population it ranks 43rd, numbering 499,261 according to that census. The largest cities are Phoenix, the capital, 65,414, and Tucson, 36,818. Prescott now has 6,018; and Bisbee, 5,853.

Agriculture.

The total area in 1940 of Arizona's irrigated lands, watered by means of reservoirs in the Colorado, Salt, and Gila rivers, was 757,703 A.

Despite the low rainfall, range conditions were generally good in 1940. On January 1, 1941, ranges were occupied by 898,000 head of cattle, and 798,000 sheep. Arizona's livestock industry now counts in round numbers 1,000,000 head of cattle and 1,000,000 head of sheep on its far-flung ranges. Wool has become increasingly important.

Lumbering.

Arizona boasts the largest forest of Ponderosa pine on the American continent. The lumbering industry, now vitally important in the defense effort, is geared at top speed.

Mineral Products.

Although Arizona yielded first place in total production of metals to Utah in 1940, the state easily ranked first again in the production of copper, with a slight advance over 1939, the amount being 562,338,000 pounds worth $63,544,194. This represented about three-fourths of the total value of the state's metal production in 1940, which was $82,167,759. Included in this total were 7,075,215 oz. of silver, worth $5,031,264; 294,807 oz. of gold, valued at $10,318,245; 13,266 tons of lead, worth $1,326,600; and 15,456 tons of zinc, worth $1,947,456, the largest amount ever, and more than double that produced in 1939.

Aside from the major metals produced in this state, Arizona mines are also producing these 'strategic and critical' minerals: Antimony, asbestos, fluorspar, manganese, mercury, mica, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium and zinc concentrates.

Arizona advanced notably, in 1940, in the production of tungsten concentrates, which rose to 302 tons, compared with 88 in the previous year.

Power Development.

The tremendous potentialities for power production of the Colorado River, wholly within Arizona, are arousing renewed interest by reason of the returns realized from the great power development at Boulder Dam. These are estimated at $4,500,000 for the fiscal year 1940-41, although only nine of seventeen generators have been installed.

Education.

Enrollment figures for 1939-40 showed that Arizona had 87,960 pupils in grade schools, 22,245 in high schools, and 1,066 in junior colleges. Total expenditures for the maintenance of elementary schools, during the school year 1939-40, amounted to $5,883,360.76, and for secondary schools $2,818,693.45. On the secondary level much emphasis was placed on vocational education. In the elementary schools, 2,418 teachers were employed at salaries ranging from $900 to $2,852, and in secondary schools 795 at salaries from $780 to $3,072.

Defense.

With the national defense program rushing forward in seven-league boots, Fort Huachuca, near the Mexican boundary, already has witnessed the construction of cantonments costing in the neighborhood of $6,000,000, and a project is under way which will result in further construction costing $23,000,000. Into the most recent developments at the fort has gone the work of thousands of Arizona laborers who have put up more than 220 buildings, including mess halls, barracks, recreation centers, chapels and theatres. The next expansion program should bring at least 20,000 troops to Huachuca. A huge military reserve, covering parts of three counties, is being established in the Fort Huachuca area for tank practice, artillery target practice, and maneuvers.

Establishment or enlargement of 58 airports, operation of an aerial gunnery range covering 1,800 square miles, development of plans for a bombing practice range, at Tucson, designation of eight Arizona airports for specially notable expansion, and construction near Phoenix of the first unit of a $2,000,000 Goodyear Aircraft Corporation plant — these are some of the facets of Arizona's contributions to defense in the aviation column.

Most spectacular, perhaps, is Arizona's place in production of pilots and bombardiers for the United States Army air forces. Mushroomed into being in a year are half a dozen airfields, all but one of them in the Phoenix area, which eventually will be training 3,000 to 5,000 pilots. The Arizona climate is so ideal for aviation instruction that British and Chinese pilots now are being trained there as well as American pilots, and a contingent from South America is also expected.

The Phoenix area has become, indeed, 'the most complete pilot-training establishment in the nation.' As an index to the magnitude of this program one training field for bomber pilots and bombardiers has a mess hall with a capacity of 1,000 cadets, and this mess hall is only one of 143 buildings in the main cantonment. This field, once known as Mesa Airport, is now called Williams Field. It is two miles east of Higley (30 mi. southeast of Phoenix), and covers 4 sq. mi. The cost was estimated at $5,000,000, when it was taken over by the Army on Dec. 1, 1941.

The construction program includes administration and housing facilities, an infirmary and a 118-bed hospital; and technical construction including operations buildings, link trainer buildings, shop hangars, control tower, warehouses, ordnance and signal corps warehouses, three runways, six taxiways and a parking apron.

The three runways are constructed of concrete designed to withstand the weight of the heaviest bombers yet constructed, and are each 150 feet in width and 6,000 feet long. Ten 25,000-gallon tanks form the underground storage system for fueling the planes.

State Officials.

Governor, Sidney P. Osborn; Secretary of State, Harry M. Moore; Auditor, Ana Frohmiller; Superintendent of Public Instruction, E. D. Ring; Mine Inspector, Tom C. Foster.

United States Senators:

Carl Hayden, Ernest W. McFarland.

1940: Arizona

Area and Population.

The Copper State, more frequently called the Grand Canyon State, ranks fifth in size among the states of the Union, with an area of 113,956 sq. mi. The population, according to the 1940 census, numbered 499,261, an increase over 1930 of 14.6 per cent. By this substantial increase in population the state becomes assured of a second Representative in Congress in 1943. The largest cities are Phoenix, the capital, 65,414; and Tucson, 36,818. Prescott now has 6,018; and Bisbee 5,853.

Agriculture.

The total area of irrigated lands in 1940, watered by means of reservoirs in the Colorado, Salt and Gila rivers, was 757,703. Cotton production amounted to 197,000 bales, including 37,000 bales of American-Egyptian long staple. During the fall and winter season of 1939-40, there were shipped 4,582 carloads of cantaloupes, honey dews and honey balls; 12,145 carloads of lettuce, 4,615 carloads of grapefruit, and 844 carloads of oranges. Alfalfa seed, flax seed and beet seed were major products.

Considerable uneasiness was felt during 1940 by farmers dependent upon irrigation, particularly in the central valleys, because of the continuing deficiency in precipitation. The average for the state over a period of forty-five years was 13.89 inches, which has not been reached during the past several years. Substantial rains and snow in the northern mountains, during the latter part of 1940, partially removed the fears concerning 1941 farming operations. The practicability of bringing water from the Colorado River to the central valleys is now being considered.

Despite the low rainfall, range conditions were generally good in 1940. On January 1, 1941, ranges were occupied by 898,000 head of cattle, and 798,000 sheep. The 1940 wool clip was 4,841,000 pounds.

Mineral Products.

Arizona continued during 1940 in its role as the nation's leading producer of metals. Final figures for 1940 are not yet available, but in 1939 the production of copper (in which the state ranks first) was 524,224,000 pounds, valued at $54,519,295, as against 421,594,000 pounds, valued at $41,316,212 in 1938. Gold production was 316,453 fine ounces, valued at $11,075,855. Silver totalled 7,824,004 fine ounces. Lead production was 21,542,000 pounds. The total for zinc was 13,422,000 pounds. The estimated value of Arizona's mineral production since 1860 is $3,156,568,637.

The largest producers of Arizona copper are carrying out extensive improvement programs. At Douglas, smelter town of the Phelps Dodge Corporation, enlargements are being made to the reduction works at a cost of more than $2,000,000. At Morenci, as part of a long-time development program involving an expenditure of $40,000,000, the 20,000,000-ton rock and earth capping of an entire mountain covering a vast ore body is being removed. It is estimated that from the pit, 6,000 ft. long by 4,000 ft. wide, which will be formed by later steamshovel mining operations, 300,000,000 tons of copper ore will be removed. Eventually 560,000,000 tons of ore and waste — 100,000,000 tons more than was taken from the Panama Canal — will be excavated.

In the production of mercury Arizona came to the fore in 1940, producing about 5,200 flasks, or almost one-third as much as was produced in the entire United States in 1938.

Highways and Travel.

Highway extensions and improvements, for which purpose the sum of $7,735,418.17 was available in 1939-40, brought the state system of highways to 3,640 miles.

Out-of-state guests were entertained by tourist hotels and guest ranches during 1940 in greater numbers than in any previous year. Hundreds of these guests visited the fifteen national parks and monuments which embrace many natural scenic wonders and interesting prehistoric ruins.

Wildlife.

As disclosed by a wildlife survey conducted by the National Forest service, Arizona had in 1940: 68,000 deer, including the most notable herd of mule deer in the southwest, 5,100 antelope, 4,300 elk, 7,100 peccary, 220 bighorn sheep, 860 black bear, and 1 lone grizzly. There were also 261 buffalo, the only unfenced herd of American bison. At the annual hunt, held in January 1941 under the auspices of the State Game and Fish Department, permits were issued to kill about sixty of these. Of predatory animals, including mountain lions, coyotes, and bobcats, 3,835 were destroyed in 1940 by hunters of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Power Development.

The tremendous potentialities for power production of the Colorado River, wholly within Arizona, are arousing renewed interest by reason of the returns realized from the great power development at Boulder Dam. These are estimated at $4,500,000 for the fiscal year 1940-41, although only nine of seventeen generators have been installed. The subject is receiving the attention of the incoming state administration, and, according to announcement, steps will be taken for the creation of a state power authority.

Education.

Arizona education was maintained at a high standard in 1940. Enrollment figures for 1939-40 showed 87,960 pupils in grade schools, 22,245 in high schools, and 1,066 in junior colleges. Total expenditures for the maintenance of elementary schools, during the school year 1939-40, amounted to $5,883,360.76, and for secondary schools $2,818,693.45. On the secondary level much emphasis was placed on vocational education. In the elementary schools, 2,418 teachers were employed at salaries ranging from $900 to $2,852, and in secondary schools 795 at salaries from $780 to $3,072.

Banking.

Business conditions, on the whole, were good. Bank deposits increased by $6,389,212.19, to a total of $92,902,885.54; loans by $3,481,885.95 to a total of $34,483,457.97; resources by $6,388,040.74 to a total of $101,155,885.65.

Taxes.

Sales tax receipts during the fiscal year 1939-40 showed an increase of 3.57 per cent, to a total of $4,033,142.58, and luxury tax receipts (on liquor and tobacco) an increase of 15.7 per cent, to a total of $1,491,317.80. Gasoline tax receipts, used for the construction and maintenance of highways, totaled $4,618,626.70, an increase of $343,651.79. During the year ended September 30, 1940, automobile licenses, the proceeds of which also go to the highway fund, were issued to the number of 147,090, as against 138,152 during the previous twelve months.

Defense Preparations.

At Fort Huachuca, an army post in the foothills of the Huachuca mountains close to the Mexican boundary, a $3,000,000 program of enlargement is under way. From a post of 1,300 Negro soldiers of the 25th Infantry, its capacity is to be increased to 6,000. A program for the establishment and enlargement of fifty-eight airports is also under way. This program includes a bomber base at Tucson, where sixty bombing ships and 3,320 officers and men will be stationed; an advanced training school for fliers west of Glendale, where 2,200 men and officers will be stationed and 200 to 250 students given advanced training; and an army civilian training field north of Glendale, where 200 to 400 students will be given elementary training by a private air-transport company.

Political and Legislative Matters.

In the primary election (September 10) Governor R. T. Jones was opposed for the Democratic party renomination by Sidney P. Osborn, a native son and Phoenix newspaper publisher who had made the race twice previously. The vote was 54,737 for Osborn, 49,466 for Jones, the other candidates trailing far behind. The major upset of the primary election was the overwhelming defeat of the veteran United States Senator Henry Fountain Ashurst, by Judge Ernest W. McFarland, a superior-court judge of the small county of Pinal.

Of six proposed amendments to the state Constitution which appeared on the ballot at the November 5 election, these three were approved: authorizing ten-year leases on state lands, exemption of irrigation district works from taxation, providing for uniform taxation of automobiles. An initiated measure increasing state aid for education was also adopted.

State Officials.

Governor, Sidney P. Osborn; Secretary of State, Harry M. Moore; Auditor, Ana Frohmiller; Superintendent of Public Instruction, E. D. Ring; Mine Inspector, Tom C. Foster.

United States Senators:

Carl Hayden, Ernest W. McFarland.

1939: Arizona

Area and Population.

Sometimes known as the 'Apache State,' Arizona is more frequently referred to as the Copper State or the Grand Canyon State. The name is Indian for 'little springs.' It was admitted to statehood Feb. 14, 1912. The state ranks 5th in size and 43rd in population. Of the area, 113,956 sq. mi., 24.4 per cent is privately owned, 11.7 per cent state owned, 18.6 per cent public domain; the remainder comprises national forests, parks, monuments, Indian and military reservations.

The population of the 1930 census, 435,573, fell to 406,000 in 1936, owing to closing of the copper mines, but turned upward in 1937, the estimate for 1939 being 490,000. Racially, the population is 60.7 per cent white, 2.5 per cent Negro, 26.2 per cent Mexican, 10 per cent Indian and .6 per cent others. The largest cities are Phoenix, the capital, 48,118 (1930); and Tucson, 32,506. Others include Douglas, Bisbee, Prescott, Nogales, Yuma and Flagstaff.

Resources.

Arizona's outstanding resources are mineral wealth; alluvial soil adapted to agriculture; pine timber forests; large cattle range areas; the power potentialities of the Grand Canyon; wild game; health-giving climate; unusual scenic attractions, and archaeological wonders.

Climate.

In the northern and higher portions of the state, where the summer climate is especially favorable, the average temperature of the warmest period (June, July, August) at principal points is 66° F., average maximum 80.2° F.; in the southern and lower portions, where the winters are noted for mildness, the average temperature of the coldest months (December, January, February) at principal points, is 53.3° F., average maximum 38.4° F. The opposite extremes are found in the mountainous north in winter, with an average of 33° F., average minimum of 17.6° F., and an occasional low of 28° below zero; and in the southern valleys in summer, with an average of 86.1° F., average maximum of 100.8° F., and a possible high of 119° F. The effects of these extremes, both in summer and winter, are moderated by the exceptionally dry atmosphere.

The average annual precipitation in the state, over a period of forty-three years, was 13.96 in., ranging from a sixty-three-year low at Yuma (141 ft. elevation) of 3.28 in. to a high at Crown King (6,000 ft.) of 36.96 in. As in 1938, when the average precipitation for the state fell to 12.80 in., the precipitation for 1939 has, despite heavy rains in September, added to the deficiency which has been accumulating for a number of years. An excess of temperature has marked every month except two, and November and December were unusually warm for the period.

Mineral Products.

The leading industry of Arizona is mining, the principal minerals being copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc. The total value of these in 1939 was estimated at $72,433,400, an increase of 24 per cent over 1938.

In the production of copper the state has long led all the states of the Union. The principal mines are at Jerome, Bisbee, Ajo, Superior, Ray, Miami, Inspiration and Morenci. Due to a decline in the price of the metal, which unfailingly regulates the rate of mining operations, production fell from 580,493,036 lb. fine, smelter output, in 1937, to 421,316,212 in 1938, valued at $41,316,212. The acceleration of demand for copper in 1939 greatly stimulated production, or to an estimated 518,400,000 lb. valued at $53,913,600. A project for the construction of 500 or more model structures to provide living accommodations for miners, at a cost of about $30,000,000, is under way by the Phelps-Dodge Corporation at Morenci.

The 1939 production of other leading metals was: gold (lode and placer), 323,000 fine oz., worth $11,305,000; silver, 7,975,540 fine oz., worth $5,413,700; lead, 21,500,000 lb., worth $1,075,000; zinc, 13,700,000 lb., worth $726,100. Tungsten concentrates were negligible in 1938 at 35 tons, compared with 312 in 1937.

Agriculture.

The growing of farm crops in Arizona is almost entirely by means of irrigation, with water stored in huge reservoirs behind dams in the principal waterways. The largest of such structures are Boulder Dam at Black Canyon in the Colorado River; Roosevelt, Horse Mesa, Mormon Flat, and Stewart Mountain dams in the Salt River; Bartlett Dam in the Verde, and Coolidge Dam in the Gila. The Yuma-Gila project is under construction. When completed it will reclaim approximately 500,000 acres near the city of Yuma with Colorado River water.

Alfalfa, both for hay and seed, grains, cotton, winter vegetables, late fall and early spring lettuce, early cantaloupes and melons, grapefruit, oranges and dates are the leading crops. In 1938, with 2,358 cars of cantaloupes and 10,797 cars of lettuce, Arizona was the second largest shipper of these products in the nation. With 4,536 carloads of grapefruit it ranked fourth. With 673 carloads or oranges it ranked third. In average yield of alfalfa seed per acre it leads all states, and in total production is third. Arizona produces practically all of the American-Egyptian long staple cotton grown in the United States. The average farm value of principal crops, not including livestock, dairy and poultry products, in 1938 on 622,500 acres, was $45.28 an acre, a figure exceeded by only two states. The total acreage of irrigated land in 1930 was 757,378.

A considerable portion of the state, where rough terrain or absence of water for irrigation precludes farming, is utilized for grazing. Livestock estimates for 1939 are: cattle, $27,000; sheep, $33,000; wool clip, 5,200,000 pounds.

Lumbering.

From the largest yellow pine forests in the west, thirty-seven Arizona mills in 1938 sawed 118,200,000 board feet of lumber and 3,170,000 of lath.

Hunting and Fishing.

Game and fish, the taking of which is carefully regulated by law, are abundant. The latest game census affords an estimate of 93,715 deer, 4,620 elk, 2,040 antelope, 5,975 peccary, and 290 buffalo, the last-named being the only herd of unfenced bison in the United States. Wild turkey are plentiful in certain places, and mountain sheep are found in the south-western ranges, but their killing is prohibited by law. There are some 813 miles of trout streams and about seventy-five lakes stocked with bass, crappie, blue gills and other varieties of fish. Four state hatcheries supply fingerlings.

Tourist Attractions.

Vacational, recreational and health-giving advantages also constitute an important source of income to Arizona, largely because of the favorable climate. The inspiring scenery of mountain and canyon, desert and forest, the natural wonders, prehistoric ruins, and picturesque western cattle ranches, with their guest resorts and 'dude ranches,' attract the vacationer and sightseer. Of natural scenic wonders the Grand Canyon, the Petrified Forest, Painted Desert, Canyon de Chelly, Montezuma's Well, Chiricahua National Monument, and Walnut Canyon are outstanding, while recently uncovered prehistoric communal towns of the twelfth to fourteenth centuries — Tuzigoot, Beshbagowah, Kinishba, Keetseel, Pueblo Grande — and cliff dwellings and homes of similar periods command the interest both of sightseers and scientists. During 1939 out-of-state visitors exceeded those of all previous seasons.

An excellent modern highway system, embracing 3,624 miles and supplemented by many county roads, lends accessibility to all portions of the state. The highway system is maintained and enlarged with funds derived from a motor-vehicle fuel tax, motor-vehicle imposts and Federal aid. Since 1912 resources available for state highway construction and maintenance have totaled $90,800,123. The revenue for such purposes in 1938 amounted to $7,231,858, and for the first half of 1939, to $6,659,734. Automobile licenses issued during 1938 numbered 136,538, and during the first ten months of 1939, 132,000.

Education.

Arizona's educational system is maintained at a high standard. The public school system embraces grade and high schools and junior colleges. In secondary education much emphasis is placed on vocational education, including courses in agriculture, homemaking, and trades and industries. There is supervised correspondence study for the benefit of pupils in isolated sections or unable to attend because of physical disability. In 1938 education was provided for 86,798 pupils in grade schools, 20,348 in high schools, and 835 in junior colleges. Total expenditures for the maintenance of elementary schools, during the school year 1938-39, were $6,308,832.85, and for secondary schools $2,920,838; the per capita expenditure, based on average daily attendance, being approximately $92 and $154 respectively. In the elementary schools 2,464 teachers were employed at salaries ranging from $700 to $2,800, and in secondary schools 705 at salaries from $900 to $2,857. There are three institutions for higher education, the University of Arizona, at Tucson, and State Colleges at Tempe and Flagstaff. Registration for the regular session, 1938-39, at the University was 2,783; and at the State Colleges 1,393, and 490 respectively. Summer school enrollment at Flagstaff was 569.

Business and Finance.

Business conditions, although hampered by unsatisfactory prices for farm products and live stock, were generally favorable during 1939. Based on banking standards, business continued to improve. There were no bank suspensions and no new charters issued. Deposits increased by $3,230,358.59, to a total of $86,513,673.35; loans by $4,126,817.05 to a total of $31,001,572.02, and resources by $3,780,324.10 to a total of $94,767,844.91. Arizona has seven state banks with five branches, and five national banks with twenty-one branches.

As shown by such indexes as receipts from sales and luxury taxes, gains by the former of 5.8 per cent brought a total of $3,765.48 for the year, and gains by the latter of 8.6 per cent equaled a total of $1,381,445.42. Sales tax receipts, however, showed a recession of 1.6 per cent during the period from January through May, and luxury tax receipts a recession of 9 per cent during the months of January and February. A less favorable showing for the year was made by gasoline tax receipts. These totaled $5,000,981.32 during the whole year of 1938, and only $4,331,637.14 during the first eleven months of 1939. The latter figure, as against $4,552,282.89 for the same period of 1938, shows a loss of 4.8 per cent. A still greater loss of 10.3 per cent is shown for the period from July through November.

Legislative Matters.

The outstanding political event of the year was the regular session, from January 9 to March 13, of the Fourteenth Legislature. The body was composed of nineteen Senators, all Democrats, and fifty-two Representatives, of whom fifty-one were Democrats and one a Republican. The President of the Senate was Paul C. Keefe of Clarksdale; the Speaker of the House of Representatives, J. Melvin Goodson of Phoenix.

Outstanding measures enacted related to the following: creation of a Department of Liquor Licenses and Control; creation of a Department of Mineral Resources; correction of unfair trade practices; recompilation of laws; reorganization of the State Highway Commission; foreclosure of mortgages; old-age assistance; rules regulating pleadings, practice and procedure in judicial proceedings; imposition of a license tax on automobiles. Bills providing for the reorganization of the State Board of Health and of the administrative authority of the State Hospital for the Insane at Phoenix were vetoed by the Governor.

State Officers.

The chief state officers are as follows: Governor, Robert T. Jones; Secretary of State, Harry W. Moore; Attorney-General, Joe Conway; Auditor, Ana Frohmiller; Treasurer, William Peterson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, H. E. Hendrix.

United States Senators.

Carl Hayden, Henry F. Ashurst.

1938: Arizona

Area and Population.

Sometimes known as the 'Apache State,' Arizona is more frequently referred to as the Baby State, or the Copper State. It was admitted to statehood Feb. 14, 1912. The state flower is the pure white waxy blossom of the saguaro, or giant cactus. The state ranks 5th in size and 43rd in population. Of the area, 113,956 sq. miles, 24.4 per cent is privately owned, 11.7 per cent state owned, 18.6 per cent is public domain, the remainder comprises national forests, parks, monuments, and Indian and military reservations.

The population of the 1930 census, 435,573, fell to 406,000 in 1936 owing to closing of the copper mines, but turned upward in 1937, the estimate for 1938 being 413,000. Racially, the population is 60.7 per cent white, 2.5 per cent Negro, 26.2 per cent Mexican, 10 per cent Indian and .6 per cent others. The largest cities are Phoenix, the capital, 48,118 (1930); and Tucson, 32,506. Others include Douglas, Bisbee, Prescott, Nogales, Yuma and Flagstaff.

Resources.

The state's outstanding resources are rich soil in alluvial valleys; water in numerous streams, principally the Colorado, Gila, Salt and Verde rivers; varied climate, exceptionally favorable to both animal and vegetable life; great mineral wealth; large cattle range areas; the huge power potentialities of the Grand Canyon. The chief industries are agriculture and horticulture, grazing, mining, and the care of winter and summer visitors, health-seekers, and tourists. Cool summers in the northern part, warm winters in the central and southern portions of the state, dry, clear atmosphere, inspiring scenery and natural wonders supply abundant reason for tourist hotels in and near the principal cities, and guest resorts and 'dude ranches' throughout the state. Of special interest to tourists is the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. (See NATIONAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS.)

In pursuance of a program to give accessibility to the many interesting places in the state an excellent highway system has been developed. This includes (as of Dec. 31, 1937) 2,907 miles of hard surface highways, of which 190 miles were constructed during 1937. The Bartlett Dam is being built to aid flood control and furnish water supply. (See CIVIL ENGINEERING; RECLAMATION.)

Agriculture.

Practically all agricultural and horticultural products known to the temperate and semitropical zones are successfully grown in Arizona. Production in 1937 included: alfalfa, approximately 150,000 acres, product chiefly fed to stock; cotton 299,000 acres, estimated production 315,500 bales; lettuce, 30,298 acres, a portion of which was plowed under, 10,823 carloads shipped; cantaloups and honey dews, 8,902 acres, 2,881 carloads shipped; grapefruit, 15,000 acres, 4,510 carloads shipped; oranges, 7,700 acres, 872 carloads shipped. The irrigated area of the state comprises 505,624 acres, though the total area susceptible of reclamation by irrigation is several times as much. There is some dry farming, but areas in which rainfall may be safely relied upon are limited. A large part of the state is adapted to grazing. Livestock estimates from latest returns for 1938 indicate: cattle, 786,944; sheep, 775,776; goats, 107,759; swine, 25,888; the total wool clip, 810,000 pounds.

Mineral Products.

The year 1937 brought Arizona an increase of 55 per cent in the value of its leading minerals, copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc, which totaled $90,855,402, compared with $57,996,073 in 1936. This was chiefly due to the extraordinary rise in both the amount and value of copper, a product in which Arizona leads the Union. Production reached 576,956,000 pounds, valued at $69,811,676 in 1937, as against 422,550,000 pounds valued at $38,874,600 in 1936. Zinc and lead also showed a substantial increase; the former amounting to 10,052,000 pounds with a valuation of $653,380 in 1937, compared with 7,178,000 in 1936, valued at $358,900. The production of lead in 1937 amounted to 24,708,000 pounds, as against 21,376,000 pounds in 1936. Gold and silver were fairly stationary in amount and value; gold production totaled 332,604 oz. in 1937, a new high for that metal; silver amounted to 9,422,552 oz. In the production of tungsten concentrates Arizona showed a reduction from 433 tons in 1936, to 312 tons in 1937.

The estimated value of Arizona's metals for 1938 was $57,069,900, a drop of 30 per cent from 1937. The largest share in this reduced figure was the result of lower copper production, amounting to 415,500,000 pounds.

Education.

During the school year ended June 30, 1938, education was provided for 89,708 pupils in grade schools, 20,348 in high schools, 835 in junior colleges, in addition to 1,740 regular students in state colleges, and 2,780 regular students in the University of Arizona at Tucson. In the elementary schools 2,595 teachers were employed at salaries ranging from $712.50 to $2,414.25; in secondary schools 802 teachers at salaries from $787.40 to $2,960.00. Total expenditures for the maintenance of elementary schools, for the year 1937-38, were $5,725,287.10, and for secondary schools, $2,553,032.70, a per capita expenditure, based on average daily attendance, of $81.93 and $156.64 respectively.

In secondary education added emphasis was placed on vocational education, including courses in agriculture, homemaking, trades and industries, and 6,326 pupils took advantage of these facilities. Supervised correspondence study for the benefit of pupils in isolated sections, or unable to attend because of physical disability, was made possible through the Phoenix union high school.

Banking.

Business conditions, as reflected by banks, continued during 1938 to show improvement. Reports of seven state banks with five branches, and of five national banks with twenty-one branches, showed for the year ended June 30, resources of $90,987,520.81, an increase over 1937 of $1,699,029.56; loans of $26,874,754.97, an increase of $2,110,276.23; deposits of $83,283,314.76, an increase of $1,452,655.05. No bank has closed since April 14, 1933.

Legislation.

The Thirteenth Legislature, 1937-8, was in session a total of 137 days. Outstanding laws enacted include creation of an agency to administer unemployment compensation; creation of a State Board of Social Security and Welfare; and passage of a wage-hour law for women and minors. At the November election the people approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting members of the legislature from holding other public employment during the term of office, and defeated proposals exempting homes from taxation and making the tenure of appointive state officers coterminous with the term of the governor.

Election.

Interest in the 1938 elections centered in an exciting contest for Governor. The successful candidate, State Senator Robert T. Jones, a Democrat, won over four opponents after a primary election which the runner-up, James H. Kerby, contested, charging bribery, fraudulent counting of ballots, falsification of returns, and other irregularities. Partial inspection of primary ballots disclosed minor irregularities only, with no evidence of fraud. Following the general election, the contest was dismissed.

State Officers.

As a result of the election, the chief state officers are as follows: Governor, Robert T. Jones; Secretary of State, Harry W. Moore; Attorney-General, Joe Conway (incumbent); Auditor, Ana Frohmiller (incumbent); Treasurer, William Peterson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, H. E. Hendrix (incumbent); Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, A. C. McAllister (incumbent). All are Democrats.

United States Senators.

Carl Hayden, Henry F. Ashurst.